iXtti-s^MaiMff 



iif iiiiliiiiii x:ie8- 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Shelf _-U2uS 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



HOW TO MANAGE 

Agricultural Fairs, Industrial Insti- 
tutes, and Similar Exhibitions. 



A COMPLETE GUIDE 

FOR 

DIRECTORS, SECRETARIES, AND OFFICERS, 

CONTAINING 

Directions for their organization, applicable to every 
kind oi society and Joint stock association ; rules for 
the selection and laying out of grounds, build- 
ing tracks, the ornamentation of build- 
ings, halls, etc., and choice 
plans of administration, 

SELECTED FROM A STUDY 



Over 2oo Societies, 

[ • i 

^f^ ^ LOCATED IN 

DIFFERENT STATES. 



J. F. XA.YI^G, 

Experentia Bocuit, ^Q,..S./.O..h..f\^' 



NEV¥ LONDON, O, 
THE FAIR PKINTING COMPANV, 

1881, 



7^ 



Kntcrcd acconling to Act of Congress in tlie year 1881, )>y 

J. F. LANINCr, 
in office i»f Librarian of CongresB, at Wn^binirton. I>. C 



dv, 












PREFACE, 

It is needless to say that the author in examining the 
workings of different societies has found a great amount 
of crudeness among them. How to manage a Fair suc-= 
cessfully is a desirable attainment. Their management 
may be said to be the measure of their success and will 
account for the fact that some are live, attractive, and 
prosperous, and others feeble, uninviting, and inactive. 

The fact is often overlooked that a Fair is a business 
institution requiring capacity to manage it, as do other 
institutions, and that it is one of magnitude, dealing in 
different relations with many people, where experi- 
ence, skill, attention, and regularly defined methods are 
highly essential to harmony and success. 

There has been too little progression in our Fairs. The 
idea that most anyone could manage a Fair has put them 
in the hands of incompetent men, who have neither abili- 
ty or energy enough to originate or adopt new ideas, and 
hence many of our societies present a picture of sameness 
at their Fairs every year instead of giving them a bright, 
fresh, and attractive look that will make them inviting. 

The key that will unlock the mystery of the decay of 
some Fairs will be found in the fact that they have been 
run too much for the present and too little for the future. 
The American people love recreation, and our Fairs are 
l>opular with them, but they are both sensative and 
sensible, and to hold tlieir patronage anywhere they 
must be well treated. 

The author of this w^ork has been for years connected 
with one of the most successful Fairs in Ohio. To gain 
the knowledge for this work he has visited and had cor- 
respondence with several hundred societies, and in 
drawing conclusions from their workings has made a 
number of important discoveries, and has been able to 
make many suggestions of a practical nature. 

The work is intended to supply all, and especially the 
inexperienced, with a correct knowledge and a clear un- 



derstanding of the rules by wiiich the business of agri- 
cultural societies and other similar associations should 
be administered. It treats of the subject from every 
pomt of view, and enters largely into details. It will aid 
officers, managers, superintendents, and coramittees in 
discharging their duties, and it is hoped will build up a 
uniformly high standard of integrity and success among 
these institutions. 

But few societies exist whose management is not sus- 
ceptible of improvement in some particular. The work 
is therefore commended to all, feeling that to each it 
will be important, and to many valuable, both in learn- 
ing what others are doing and promoting their own 
welfare. 



CHAPTER I. 

CREATION AND OllGANIZATIOX OF CORPORATIONS, JOINT 
STOCK ASSOCIATIONS, SOCIETIES, ETC. 

Section 1. Statutory Regulations.— In most States 
statutes exist regulating the creation of Corporations, 
Associations, and Societies, sucli as of vvliich we treat, and 
defining tne powers, privileges and ininumities conferred 
upon ttiem. These are easily accessible to all inter, 
ested parties, and are beyond the scope of our work, 
which is intended to deal with methods of conducting 
them, i-ather than their legal fights and obligations. 
These statutes are, however, the constitutional law by 
which authority is conferred upon them, and to secure the 
rights and immunities they grant, as to the prescsibed 
methods of organization, should be complied with, lest 
they otherwise be lost. 

Sec. 2. Organization and Constitution.— When an 

organizatioa is determined upon, it is usual to have, and 
the laws of some States require, a meeting at some previ- 
ously appointed time and place, to adopt plans and detine 
the limits within which the business is to be conducted. 
This, when made out and reduced to writing, is called ti)e 
Constitution of the society, as we shall use the word to 
designate all bodies of this character, and subject to 
statutory limitations with which it must not conflict, it 



G CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. 

becomes its fiin(l;imont;\l law. It, is usually divided into 
sections, and, unless given by statute, provides or defines 
the f »ll()\vinj: thnrj;-s: Ananiefor tlie society: the object 
lor which it is org:inized; the place wiiore it will ti'ansact 
business; the aniounc ot its capital stock, if it hMve one, 
and how dividesi; tlie 'lua'.itioitions of its members; its 
nuinauement; how ils amendment or alteration may be 
made, and such other matters as the objects of the society 
require. Tliese we shall notice in turn. 

Sec. 3. Naiiie of Society. — Names are various, de- 
pendini;' iii)oii thP business t!-ansacted and the tastes of 
the memt)ers. They ;5^enerally refer to the location of the 
Rocietv and define its character. Tiiat class more par_ 
ticularly treated herein are known as A^-ricultural, Hoi'ti. 
cuitura!, Industrial, itc, societies; or Fair, Union Fair, or 
Independent Fair Associations, Exi)ositions, itc. 

Sec. 4. Objects.— Of course the statement ot objects 
depend upon what tiiey are. In this class of societies 
thev are generally to encoura<;e or promote at^riculture, 
mechanical arts and kindred subjects and the mutual gain 
of the members. Sometimes the statutes define the ob' 
jects, in which case thej* should be substantially followed- 

Sec. 5. JLocatioii.— This should be defined so as to 
avoid any uncertainty. 

Sec. 6. Capital Stock. — When a company has a capi- 
t il stock, the amount should be stated, and the number 
and size of the shares given. 

Sec. T. 31cinbership.— This will dei)end upon the plan 
upon which an organization is to be effected. Should it be 
a joint-stock company each stockholder will be a member, 
and it will be necessary to provide for the issue of cer- 
tificates and their transfer trom one person to another. 
They are usually required to be signed by some of the 
officers, as the President and Secretary, and their transfer 
required to be in writing, upon the back thereof, and not 
to be valid until entered upon the books of the company. 



CliEATION AND ORGANIZATION. 7 

Sboiikl the societv h;ive no capital stock, the memberslup 
is (lelinerl to consist of ihosc wlio {)uy a certain sum into 
its treasury, sometimes the party l)ecomin.i,' a life members 
and sometimes only one for a certain ])eriot1, as one year 
their continuance as members bein^i,^ dependent upon an 
annual contribution ; and it is often tliat both chisses < f 
members are found in the same society, the amount of the 
tee being diflercnt. In some instances tiie socitty is a 
county or district one, so that the electors contiibuting in 
a ceitain legion are membei"s. 

Sec. 8. Mnnagcment.— As a society is usually com- 
posed of many ptMsons, a meeting of all ot them lor tlie 
purpose of expressing its will, in the management of its 
lousiness atiYurs, \v(tuld l)e inconvenient and impracticable. 
Hence it is vested in a select few of its members, called a 
Hoard of Managers, Directors, or Trustees. To guard 
against inc!imi)etency or abuse of powei", they are se- 
lected, >vholiy*or partially, each year', and it is usu-il tn 
I)rovide that they shall serve for a certain period, and 
until their successors are elected and qualified. Caro 
should be taken not to make this body too laige, as its 
action will often be retarded and a quorum often found 
wanting when business is to be' transacted. When the 
affairs of a society are peculiar to a certain district or 
territory, often a representation is provided for different 
parts of it, as each township in a county. When the man- 
agers are not located so as to render it impossible, it is 
tound conveniMit to have their number some multiple of 
thsir term of office, so that an equal number ot them shall 
retire each year. In general it may be said that, unless 
restricted, this Board will possess all the powers which 
the society would have if they liad no managers, and such 
powers as are necessary for an economical and successful 
prosecution of the purposes ot the society. It is tiie agent 
of ihe members, and its acts, within the scope of the ob- 
jects of the society, will be binding. It is usual, however^ 
lO define the number of the managers that shall constitute 
a quorum (usually a majority ), and provide that it shall 
have power to appoint such agents and committees as 



H CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. 

are deemed proper to carry on the business of the society, 
and to pass the by-laws necessary to carry out in detail 
Uie nowers conferred upon it. 

Sec. 9. Maiiagemenl, continued — Officers. — The 

usual officers are a President, Vice Pi-esident, Secretary, 
and Treasurer, and their term of office one year and until 
J heir successoi's are elected and qualified. 

Sec. 10, Election of Directors and Officers. — A time 
is usually set upon which annually a meeting of the mem- 
bers of the society shall be held at its place of business, 
for the election ot managers and the transaction of such 
other business as may come betore it, at which, if it is 
a joint-stock association, each member may cast as many 
votes as he may have shares of stock in person or by 
l»roxy; if otherwise, each member may cast one vote, and 
a majority of the votes cast shall be necessary to elect. 
Vacancies in the Board of Managers arising from any 
cause, are usually left to the remaining members to till 
until the next annual election, though sometimes they are 
required to be filled by a called meeting ot the stock- 
liolders. When competition occurs elections are by bal- 
lot. The selection ot officers is sometimes made by the 
stockholders, and are outside of the board; but it is usual 
to require the board to meet within a short period after 
the annual meeting, and elect from their number a Presi- 
dent and Vice President, and a Secretary and Treasurer, 
from any persons having the requisite qualifications. 

Sec. 11. Duties of Officers,-— The executive office ot 
the society is the Presidency. The President is required to 
preside at the meetings of the board; has general super- 
vision and custody of the att'airs of the society, and sees 
that its laws are enforced; is required to sign all money 
orders on the treasury, and call meetiuj^s ot the stock- 
holders, when business arises which is necessary to bo 
submitted to them. 

The Vice President acts in the absence ot the President, 
and assists him in the prosecution ot his duties- 



CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. 9 

The Secretary is the clerical officer ot the society, con- 
ducting its correspondence: keeping a record of the pro- 
ceedings of the society and Board of Managers; drawing 
orders on the Treasurer for money; making annual re- 
ports of the society's condition and doings, and generally 
performing the work ot the society of a clerical nature. 
He is sometimes required to receive all money of the so- 
ciety, and pay the same over to tlie Treasurer, keeping an 
account of the sources from which received, instead of 
having it paid directly to the Treasurer. For a discussion 
of this matter see Chapter ix., on accounts. 

The Treasurer receives the money of the society and 
pays it out on the proper order, and reports annually the 
amount received and disbursed by him. 'Ihe amount ot 
official bonds is sometimes prescribed, though more often 
left to the Board. The Secretary and Treasurer are usu- 
ally given a salary for their labors, to be provided in the 
by-laws. 

Sec. 12. Amendments and Alterations.— The amend- 
ment or alteration of the Constitution is usually limited to 
the annual meetings, though it is often provided for being 
done at called meetings. ^Noticeof the proposed change, 
by publication or otherwise, is required, however, in order 
that each member may have time to consider it, and be 
prepared to aet inlelligently. Two-thirds or three-fourths 
of the votes cast are otten made necessary tor the purpose. 

Sec. 13. Enactment of Constitution. — In the enact- 
ment of a constitution at the first meeting of the associa- 
tion, it IS usual to appoint a committee to prepare a draft 
and report at a future meeting, a tew days later; where, 
upon the meeting adjourns until the day named. Some- 
times, however, a draft is prepared beforehand, ready to 
present at the first meeting for adoption. "Whenever it 
is presented, it should be read from beginning to end, 
to enable everyone to become familiar with it, and see 
the bearing and connection oi the different parts and their 



10 CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. 

velation to the whole. Hiiving been thus rend, it is 
tnkeu up and adopted section by section und ailicle by 
article. 

Sec. 14. Model for a ConstitHlion.--The following', 
though not* complete, will serve as a guide for parties 
drafting a Constitution : 

Article 1. This socujty shall be known as . 

Art. 2. Its objects shall be 

Art. o. The business ot the society shall be carried on 
at . 

Art. 4. Its capital stock shall be $ , divided into 

shares of $ — each. 

Art. 5. The members of the society shall l>e such as 
are the owners of one or more of tiie siiares of its capital 
stock; or any person may bec(;me a member ot the society 
lor the period ol one year by paying the sum of .$- - itito 
its treasury. 

Art. 6. The conti'ol and management of the society 

snail be vested in a Board of Directors, whose teim of 

otlice shall be yeai-s each and until their successors 

are chosen and (jutlilicd. They shall lun e jxtwer to ap- 
point such agents and committees and pass such by-la\\s 
as may become necessary to cany on the business of the 
society. (Add other desired j)owei's and i estiictioiis.) 

Art. 7. The otiicers of tiie society sn;.)! consist of Piesi- 
dent, Vice President. Secretary, and Treasurer, whose 
teim of office shall be one year and until their successoj-s 
are chosen and qiutlitied. 

Art. 8. The Directors imw elected shall serve unti' the 

day ot next, at which tiir.e, and annually iheie- 

after, tiie Directors shall be elected to serve for one year; 

or there shall be Directors elected to serve for o.ie 

vear, for two years. &c., and annually theiealter 

Directors shall be' chosen for (the leim 'of their office.) 
The election shall be conducted by ballot, and a niaj(»rity 
of all the votes cast shall be necess:M-y to elect. On or i)e- 

fore the theieafter tlie Board shall convene 

and choose Irom their number the I'lesident and Vice 
President, and select a suitable person for Secretary and 
Treasurer. 

Art. 9. The President shall preside at all meetings of 
the Board, &c. 

Art. 10. The Vice President shall perform the duties 
of the President during Ins absence, &c. 



CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. 11 

Art. 11. Tlie Secretnry shall attoiul all meetinj^s of tiie 
society and Board ot Directors, keep an accurate minute 
of their procreedinu^, nnd record them in a book provided 
lor the purpo>;e; conduct the correspondence of the so- 
ciety, ttc, and receive such compeusatioH as the Ijoard 
shall provide. 

Art. 12. Tiie Tieasurer sliall keep an accurate account 
or the money of the society received and paid (n;t bv him; 
lie shall liive bond, with <^-ood and sufficient security, in 
such a sum as may be required by the Uaard of Directors, 
&c. 

Art. 12. No alteration, by amendment or otherwise, 
shall be made to tliis Constitution except at an annual 
uieetinu; ot the society, oi a called nieetinu: for the pur- 
pose, at least weeks' notice thereof haviu'.'" been 

previously jriven by publication in , or by tiling a 

resolution lor tiie i)roposed chanji^e with the Secretary, 
and a vote sh ill be required for its adoption, &c. 



CHAPTEll II. 



BOARD MEETINGS, BY-LAWS, ETC. 

Sec. 15. Official Action.— Through the Board of Di- 
rectors the Society acts, and the only right which is 
usually enjoyed by the members at large is to annually 
express their will as to who shall represent them, and as 
to the policy of the society in electing such as will exe- 
cute their will. 

Sec. 16. By-Laws.— Incident to the rights of this body, 
though usually found in its organic law, is its right of 
making by-laws for its own government, and providing 
the details as to tae execution of the powers conferred 
upon It. Sometimes these will be limited to some extent 
by the constitution, but they are usually left to the dis- 
cretion ot the Board under a natural and implied restric- 
tion that they must not be repugnant to the objects of the 
society, the laws of the land, nor in excess of its powers. 
The subjects they usually embrace are as follows: I, 
15oard meetings; 2, order ol business; '6, voting; 4, ap. 
pointments; 5, official bonds; 6, amendments; 7, records 
and accounts, &c. These we will consider briefly. 

Sec. 17. Board 3Ieetings.— The meetings of the Board, 
where business requires it, are set lor regularly recurring 
dates. Unless so set, they occur on days to which they 



13 BOARD MEETINGS. 

have been formerly adjourned, or upon which they have 
i)een called, bpecial meetings are usually upon the call 
of the rresident or two members of the Board; and some- 
times when reirular meetings are had, for special meetings 
a notice in writing to each member, stating the object of 
the meeting, is required, and the provision made that no 
other business shall be transacted at the meeting, unless 
all the members are present. 

Sec. 18. Order ol Business.— The rules for conduct- 
ing the proceedings of the Board usually provide for an 
order of business as follows, yiz: 

1. Calling the roll of members. 

2. Reading the minutes of the previous meeting. 

3. Presentation of bills and reference to committees, 

4. Reports ot officers and committees. 

5. General business. 

With this it is usual to provide that the deliberations of 
the Board shall be conducted according to the ordinary 
rules of parliamentary law. 

Sec. 19. Voting.— In the election of officers and in se- 
lecting members of committees, &c., the By-Laws usually 
require that when more than one candidate appears the 
vote shall be taken by ballot, and in other cases viva voce. 
In cases of strong competition an informal ballot is often 
taken to reveal the strength of the several candidates. 
Sometimes provision is made for a yea and nay vote, by 
having the roll called, to which every member responds 
and his vote is recorded. 

Sec. 20, Appointmenl of Committees, &c. — When 
the work will admit of sub-divisions, and olten when spe- 
cial matters occur, it will be found convenient to commit 
them to one or more persons to take charge of or investi- 
gate. Care should be exercised to avoid making commit- 
tees so large as to be unwieldy, and the fitness of the 
members for the purposes sought should also be regarded 
jn selecting them. Committees are of two kinds, standing 
and special. When not otherwise provided for, the power 



14 BOARD MEETINGS. 

to fippoint them is given lo tiio Tresident, and unless 
some reason ex.ists iigainst it, tlie mover for a committee 
is made its chairman. Tlie matters that may Ue commit- 
ted are various. Tiie principal committees and their 
duties are usually designated in the By-Laws. Intorma- 
tion m regard to them may he obtained in the next chap- 
ter, devoted to committees. 

Sec. 21. Olficial Bonds.— When the Constitution 
leaves the amount"ot tiiese to be regulated by the Board, 
they should tix it with regard to the funds that will come 
into the officers' hands. 

Sec. 22. Records and Acconnts.— Sometimes a by- 
law is made designating what i>ooks and accounts shall be 
kept and rci)orts required, and by what officers; such as, a 
register of stockholders or members; a record of the min- 
utes of the Board; a record of entries received and awai'ds 
made, a rei)ort of which is often reciuired to be published; 
a general account of the receipts and expenditures ot the 
Society, classilied in lunds, according to the nature of 
each, &Q. 

Sec. 23. Salaries.— When the Constitution does, not 
provide otherwise, the salary of officials should be fixed in 
the By-Laws. 

Sec. 21. Amendments. — Provisions similar to those in 
Sec. 12 are usually inserted in the By-Laws. 

Sec. 25. Model for By-Laws.— The following, though 
not complete, will serve for a guide for parties dralting 
By-Laws: 

Art. 1. The reg^ilar meetings of the Board ot Directors 

shall occur on the of each , at — o'clock — M, 

Special meetings may be called at any time. 

Art. 2. The deliberations of the Board shall be con- 
ducted according to the ordinary rules of parliamentary 
law. The following order of proceeding shall be observed, 
viz: 

1. Calling the roll of members. 

2. Reading the minutes, itc. 



BOARD MEETINGS. 15 

ART 3 When the nnme ot more thnn one person is 
presented for any nppointn.pnt or oflico, the vntrsiia he 
Uken by ballot; all other votes shall b^ taken viva voe;% 

Art. 4. Unless otherwise provided all committees; shall 
menVb'erreaoh'' '''' Trosident, and shall consist'of _ 

Art. 5 The followin- standinjr committees, viz Ex- 
ecntive Committee, Anditin- Committee. &c shall tfe 
K^^nniziltion?''' '"' ''" '"''' "^'^^^"° "^ '""^ Bo^ti alt^r 

Art. 6. The duty of Committee shall be-f d*^scril)- 

Art. 8. The duty ot the Committee on shall be, 

chaptLi-!)'^ "■'' "' ''"'^ '^'^ ^'^"'"^ '^^ ^'»^'^^'^' («ee next 

Art. 9. The bonds of the Treasurer shall be $-. 

Art. 10 The Secretary shall keep an accurate account 
show.no- Ml the money, S:e. Me shall have charj^ of" mak- 
ing be entries at the annual exhibition of the SoHetv n ] 

le e't irth'^ '" '^" :!';',"-^";; '•^^•'^■•^" "^ »''^ nwards-n/ade 
uieieat in the , within three weeks thereufler. 

The Treasurer shall keep, &c. 
votts&i.^' '''"^*' By-Laws may be altered by a majority 



C II AFTER III. 



COMMITTEES. 

Sec. 26. Necessity of Committers.— When the num- 
ber ot" persons to whom the execution of any matter is en- 
trusted is lar^e, the tendency is for each to rely upon its 
being- attended to by others, and hence it becomes neg- 
lected. One or a small number of persons will, as a rule, 
investigate a matter mure closely or attena to it more 
surely than a large number. Hence, it is usual to entrust 
those matters that will admit of it to a select few (thiee is 
the usual number), with authority to investigate or act in 
the matter, either controlling it fully or reporting their 
conclusions to the Board, who ratify or reject them. 
These are termed committees, and they are standing or 
special acicording to the permanent or transient character 
of the matter to 'oe entrusted to them. The person first 
named on a committee acts as its chairman, and calls the 
committee together and presides at its meetings. The 
Secretary, upon whom the Board tiirust many duties to 
escape themselves, will fully appreciate the value of com- 
mittees. It is often that a few willing ones are obliged to 
do all the work in such an enterprise, but it should not be 
allowed, as otherwise, although the success may not be 
more decisive, yet it may be more harmonious. 



COMMITTEES. 17 

Sec. 27. Standing Committees.— The experience of 
different societies has shown the necessity of having cer- 
tain permanent or standing- committees, to which matters 
that are constanllj' arising can be readily referred. Two 
of these are the Executive and the Auditing Committee. 

The Executive Committee is entrusted with arrang- 
ing the details and carrying out the measures adopted by 
the Board, it usually consists of the officers ol the So- 
ciety and one or more directors. Sometimes it is given 
power to act in the absence of the Board, or when imprac- 
ticable to convene it, upon all matters which arise de 
manding immediate attention and their action is made 
binding upon the Society. 

To The Auditing Committee is referred all bills and 
claims against the Society and the reports of its officers, 
and they are required to examine them and report as to 
their correctness as soon as practicable. 

The wants of difterent societies will suggest other stand- 
ing committees. 

Sec. 28, Special Committees. — When any enterprise 
is to be undertaken, several committees whicn the nature 
of the business wil! prompt will be found convenient. For 
a Fair each ot the following: topics may be profitably con. 
lided to separate committees, viz.. Rules and Regnlations, 
Premiums, Printing and Advertising, Invitation and Re- 
ception, Supplies, Police, Awards, and Rental Privileges. 

In constituting these committees it is usually provided 
that certain officers of the Society shall be members of 
certain committees, as the President a member of the 
Committee on Invitation and Reception, the Secretary a 
member of the (Committee on Rules, &c. They should be 
required to perform their duties and have their reports 
ready, so as not to cause any delay. 

Sec. 29. Unties of Committees.— The duties of these 
comraittces will b'i as follows: 



18 COMMITTEES. 

The Committee on Rules and lleguUitions is perhaps the 
most important one to be selected. To it will be en- 
trusted the preparation of plans and drafting of rules and 
reguhitions, defining the mode ot conducting the exliibi- 
bition. Its members sliould be men of good perception, 
wide a waive, and capable of detecting any erroi-s that may 
exist in the established methods of the Society, and im- 
proving them as experience and good judgmentjustities. 
A Society to succeed well must be progressive. Care, 
however, should be taken to obtain practical rather than 
theoretical men. The duties ot this coni'.nittee are some- 
times put in charge of a Committee on Ways and Means. 

The Committee on Premiums is also an important one. 
To them the items upon wliich premiums are to be ottered, 
and the amount to be paid upon them, are cntrustecl. In 
many departments changes are constantly going on, and, 
to be progressive, additions to the list will bo required 
each year. To be attractive an exhibition must be up 
with tlie times. A few prominent features often are the 
means of producing an interest that is higlily valuable to 
the Society. Therefore, the committee should be com- 
posed of men who are able to designate a list ot articles 
and contests that will be attractive enough to draw a 
profitable number of spectators to the Fair, and who will 
have judgment sutticient to keep the amount of money to 
be paid as premiums where it will not be ruinous to the 
Society, from being either too high or too low. 

To the Committee on Printing and Advertising is given 
the matter of securing the printing of such matters of the 
Society as are for print, and of advertising its exhibitions. 
They usually obtain a list ot what is wanted from the 
proper sources, and contract with some i)erson, in behal^ 
of the Society, for furnishing it. "JMiey often have charge 
of originating the matter and modes of advertising, though 
the former is usually left to the Secretary or some person 
employed for the purpose. 

To the Committee on Invitation and Reception is en- 



COMMITTEES. 10 

trusted the seleetion, reception and care of invited guests. 
Its members should be selected with regard to their na- 
tural courtesy, politeness, and ability to entertain. 

Tiie Committee on Supplies has in charge the matter of 
providing such articles as are usually needed to supply 
the wants of parties attending the exhibition, such as food 
for stock, straw for bedding, &c. 

The Committee on Fulice employs and has charge of the 
police force. 

Tlie Committee on Awards has the selection ot the vari- 
ous awarding committees. Sometimes they are required 
also to select the Superintendents of Departments. They 
should sit during the Pair, so as to till any vacancy that 
may arise in committees. 

The Committee on Rental Trivileges has charge of the 
letting and selling of the respective stands, booths and 
privileges which are usual upon the grounds. 

Other committees, such as Transportation, Music, &q.. 
are sometimes provided for. 



CHAPTEK IV. 



GKOUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 



Sec. so. Gromids.— It is presumed tliat most Societies 
have grounds; but, if one have not, when an exhibition is 
determined upon, it will become important to provide a 
suitable pUice for bolding it. It is not expected that any 
can be found which will have all the good qualities that 
can be enumerated, but care should be taken to combine 
as many of them as possible. The selection should be 
made with a view to natural convenience and attractive- 
ness. It should be hiuh enough to be dry; rolling enough 
to avoid standing water after a shower; with plenty of 
shade and where an abundance of w^ater can be obtained. 
Tiie value of shade and water cannot be over-estimated, as 
mothiug detracts more from the success ol a trip to a Fair 
(usually planned for a day ot recreation and pleasure) 
than to be compelled to stand in the unobstructed rays ot 
the hot sun all day, with no water to quench the thirst 
which the heat engenders. People so treated once never 
attend the second time. 

The site for the grounds, unless special facilities exist 
for reaching it, should be near enough to'the village where 
located to be easily accessible, 

2 



GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 21 

Tlie size ot the grounds will depend upon the extent of 
the exhibition. It should, however, be commodious, and 
enclosed by a tence sufficient to keep out intruders who 
seek to enter it clandestinely. This is usually from six to 
seven feet high, sometimes built tight; but the best me- 
thod, except when a tight fence may be required, is found 
to be the use ol riickets about four inches wide, leaving a 
space ot the same width between each. Such a fence will 
btand storms of wind better and be more durable than a 
light lenc€. 

Sec. 31. The King.— Without here discussing the ques- 
tion ol racing and its morai bearings, we say that it is 
usual to lay out a ring of some character, to exercise and 
speed horses upon. Its size depends upon the ground 
that can be devoted to it, though it is seldom less than 
one-third of a mile in circumference; as when smaller, 
horses cannot accomplish the short turns it must possess, 
at any high rate of speed. Usually it is either a mile or a 
one-half mile track. It is generally composed of two par- 
allel straight sides, called stretches, having their ends 
joined by perfect semi-circles, called the turns. The home 
stretch is the one where the finish is made. Upon it, lo- 
cated on the inside, 60 yards before entering the turn, is 
placed the Judges' stand, and below it are placed, at re- 
quired points, posts called distance posts, lor determining 
when horses are distanced. The turns should be gradedi 
like the track ot a railroad or circus, the outer portion 
the highest, so that a horse can extend himself at fulj 
speed as well around the turns as upon the straight sides. 
The width of tracks vary from 25 feet upwards, and usu- 
ally the first turn is much the widest. The line of mea- 
surement for a track is three feet from the inside or pole. 
A practical engineer with a transit can locate perfectly a 
track of any required dimensions over any ground, and 
establish good grades for it; but for those who cannot wel! 
ohtain an engineer, we give some rules for laying out 
some ol the simpler tracks. 

Sec. 32. Laying Out a Track.— First ascertain how 
long the grounds to be used vt^ill admit the sides of th<^ 



22 GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 

track heing made. If a mile track is to be constructed, 
eiibtrac^ the sum of the lenj^tiis ot the sides in feet from 
6.2S0. Ifa half mile, Irom 2.Gif); divide tlie remainder by 
3.141G; subtract 6 from the quotient, and the remainder 
Avill be tlie width in feet which the sides m;iy be placed 
apart. Place a stake midway between the ends of the 
sides; take a wire with a loop at the end loose enou^^h to 
turn the stake, and measure upon it ono-hall of tlie dist- 
ance between the ends, and with it describe a semi-cirele, 
be.ijinninir at the end of one of the sides, puttinj; down a 
stake to mark the course every ten or fifteen feet. This 
line will be the inside of the track, and where the tence 
should be placed. 

The following are some ot the dimensions required for 
certain tracks: 

A mile track, with the sides 1320 feet long, will require 
them to be 841 feet apart, and contain 40 acies. 

A half-mile track with the parallel sides each 600 feet 
long will liave its sides 4r)2 feet 4% inches apart, and re- 
quire about 12 acres of ground. 

Halt mile tracks may also be constructed of the follow- 
ing dimensions; 

1. Take a piece of ground 210 yards square; measure 
off a square of G".»8 feet; cut off the lour corners with a one. 
fourth circle of 90 leet radius. The stretches will be 600 
leet each. Two of the sides may be lengthened without 
regard to the turns, and the other two diminished accord- 
ingly. 

2. Take a piece of ground 400 yards long and 125 yards 
wide; measure off two straight sides, 800 feet long, aud 
make the ends with a radius of 1G2>< teet. This will make 
a track 25 leet wide. 

3. Upon the same ground as the last, a wedge-shaped 
truck may be laid out, by making the circle at the large 



GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 23 

end with a rndius of 225 feet and at tlie smaller end with 
one ot 100 feet, joining these with straight sides 800 leet 
long. 

Besides this, a small ring is sometimes thrown up for 
the iniri)ose of exhibiting slock upon, ana is found ver}' 
uselul. 

Sec. S3. Buildings.— We cannot here give details and 
I)latis for erecting buildings, and shall only attempt togivo 
the ditlerent classes that are used and a few general re- 
marks concerning them, leaving the details and specifica- 
tions to be taken care ol by the architects employed iu 
their c(»nsl ruction. Heretofore, societies iiave generally 
** rected independent buildings or halls tor ea(;h of the de- 
partments represented at their Fair; as a Mechanics Hall, 
for manufactures and small machinery; a Floral Hall, tor 
textile tabrics, flowers, jjlants and fine arts, though each 
ot these i* sometimes separated; an Agricultural ana 
Horticultural Hall; and sometimes a Merchants* Hall, a 
Music Hall. tV:c. Of late, however, there is a tendency to 
confine these departments, except for mechanical inven- 
tions requiring power to move them, to one building, as- 
signing a portion of its space to each and it is toiind to 
heighten the appearance of the exhibition and give better 
salislaction to exhibitors in the display of their goods. 

Above all things, whetever buildings are built, let them 
be commodious, with good height between the floor and 
roof, and with good openings, so that visitors can readily 
pass in and out, and plenty of air and light can be ob- 
tained. They should also be tastily erected, so to orna- 
ment tiie grounds if possible. The boards for siding 
should be planed and painted, as without it when they 
become old they have a dismal appearance. Some so- 
cieties attempt whitwasliing old buildings; but it rubs off 
easily, becomes colored and looks so cheap that it is 
doubted whether anything is gained by it. Good build- 
ings will readily pay for themselves from the increased 
attendance they attract to the Fair. 



24 GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 

For live stock accommodations are also provided. They 
consist of stalls, pens and sheds, covered so as to protect 
their occupants from sun and storms. They are built 
from rough boards, and whitewash here adds to their 
neatness and sweetness. For the more valuable classes 
of stock, where they are liable to become damaged from 
rain, the root should be shinj^led, as a common board one 
can seldom be made tight en«u.<rh to shed water for any 
length of time. 

A bay and grain barn, sometimes but a building con- 
taining a covering and sides extending high enough to 
keep people trom climbing into it, and open at the top, is 
useful, and will pay for itself in a few years irom the sav- 
ing It makes. 

Ampitheatres upon exhibition grounds and racing 
tracks afford tine views of the sports, and are profitable in 
ihe way of admission fees charged to enter them, and 
give ibe Society room beneath for various purposes. 

Besides buildings for these purposes. Dining Halls, 
Booths and Stands are sometimes built by the Society, but 
more otten by parties renting such privileges. Band 
Stands and Judges' Stands are also common. 

Ticket offices should be erected near the entrance to the 
grounds. 

Sec. 34. Decoration of Halls and Bnildings*— It is 

usual for the Society to adorn their halls and buildings, so 
4bat they may be attractive to visitors. It is a matter in 
which good taste is demanded. Too profuse ornamenta- 
tion is regarded as an error. Among the things used 
for this purpose may be mentioned fountains, festoons and 
wreaths of evergreens, flowers, plants, &c. 

Fountains are splendid ornaments, and can be readily 
supplied where there are no water-works by elevating a 
l>arrel on the roof of the building, with a small gas pipe 
Seadittg from il to the 8oi*»taiB. A cheap foi)otai» ©a» be 



GROUNDS AND BUILDIKG8. 25 

made by putting a small nozzle on a gas pipe, and having 
an ordinary wooden bowl painted lor a basin, through the 
bottom Of which the pipe passes. 

Cut pai>ers answer v.ell for decorations. A fine ar- 
rangement for flowers and plants is to have them located 
between aisles, set m clusters or built in pyramids, with 
mosses and sods of earth between them. They may also 
be set to one side upon stair-like shelves to advantage. 
Care should be taken to have them sufficiently protected 
Irom vandals, whose fingers will ruinously pick and slip 
them, if they have an opportunity. White wall paper may 
be used for coverings of posts and wood work that it i» 
not desired to have exposed, and some patterns make de- 
oidedly beautiful backo;rouDds, &c. 



CHAPTER V. 
PRINTING AND ADVEUTISING. 

SEC. 35. The Premium List.— In order that it may be 
Known in wliat uiunner tiie exiiiUition is to be eonductec t 
and what competition and exhibits are desired, it is usual 
for the Secretary or some other person having tlie same in 
charge to make a catalogue of the rules and regulations 
pertaining to the exhibition, the olKcers of the Society, 
Superintendents ot Departments, and sometimes the 
Awarding Committees, and such other information relative 
to the exhibition as may be deemed important, and have it 
printed in pamphlet lorm for distribution. Sometimes it 
contains the Constitution of the Society and a list of its 
members. When cheapness is aimed at, the list is often 
printed in newspaper form, saving covers and binding. 

Sec. 3G. How to Cheapen Advertising.— To chenpen 
the expense of getting out this catalogue it is usual to ob- 
tain advertising to be inserteii in it, it being an attractive 
medium for business men, stock breeders, &c., to noticre 
their goods, and the profit on the amount that can be ob- 
tained IS often sufficient to pay the whole cost. 

It is usual to have either a page of premiums and a page 
of advertising opposite it, or have the pngcs divided into 
two columns, one for advertising and one for premiums' 
A more handsome and i)referable way is thougiit by some 
to print the advertisements upon colored paper separate 
jrom the premium pages, and insert tour or eight pages of 
tUem between each fold of the book. 



PRINTING AND ADVERTISING. 27 

From these and otiier advertisements that can be ob- 
tained, witli the program of the Exhibition and other mat- 
ters of interest to exhibitors and visitors, a small paper or 
bulletin is often orinted and distributed gratuitously 
among those in attendance at the Fair. When it can be 
done, it is a good plan to have this issued daily, and by 
adding to it a list of the awards and doings of the previous 
dc y, it can be sold for one or two cents and made remun" 
erative. 

Sec. 37. Posters, Circulars, Etc.— To advertise the 
Exhibition large posters, calling attention to the date and 
announcing the most attractive features, are generally put 
up in conspicuous places. Smaller ones are used as cir- 
culars, and to take the place of the large ones in stores 
and biisiness places not having sulHcient room for their 
display. Small dodgers, making a special annauncement, 
are sometimes passed about, and are often used to ad- 
vantage among a crowd that has assembled upon some 
occasion. A strip from four to six inclies wide, announc. 
ing the date of the Exhibition, as "Jones County Fair, 
June 17-20," is often put up upon fences and buildings at 
the roadside to attract the eye of travelers. In all oui- 
door advertising it is needless to say that paste should be 
used to put up the bills, as otherwise they will go down in 
the first wind or shower. 

Sec. ""^. Cheap Advertising.— Uettmg too cheap ad- 
veitising is like ''saving at the spigot when there is a leai< 
at the bung." It is said that "the apparel oft proclaims 
the man," and this way of judging is often applied in other 
respects. A bedaubed and half-printed job, on poor paper^ 
is often taken as the indication of a worthless, half-way 
society, and is passed without regard. Wbile one made in 
good style, clean and neat, will be attractive and draw 
mans times more to the society than enough to pay the 
difterence in cost. To let people know what is going to be 
done, it is necessary to advertise, and to draw them to the 
Fair it must be well and judiciously done. Great care 
should be taken in this regard. 



CHAPTEU Va. 

INSTRUCTIONS IN PREPARING PREMIUM LIST. 

Sec. 39. General Remarks.— It luis already been said 
that the list of premiums is one of the most important 
thinsrs eonneeted with the Fair, and for that reason its 
repetition may be excused. It must be properly gotten 
up, and Jrom year to year must be so changed as to be 
liept in harmony with the rc'iuirements of the times. 

Sec. 40. Classification.— The items upon which prem- 
iums are oftered are usually classitied into Depariments, 
which are sub-divided into such Classes as they will ad- 
mit. The items of a kind are thus all brought together. 
At the head of the Department the special rules ai)pli- 
cable to it are placed, and so at the head of each Class. 
This is much preferable to placing them in the general 
rules, as thus they are readily found in conncctirm with 
the subject to which they apply. The time ot the examina^ 
tion in each Class is also placed at its head, though some- 
times they are all published on one sheet as a program. 

The Departments are numbered consecutively, first, 
second, third. &c., as may be desired; though sometimes 
the Departments are not numbered, the classes being 
leU( red or numbered consecutively throughout, or num- 
bered with reference to the books into which the items are 
to be entered. 



PREMIUM LIST. 29 

Sec. 41. Numbering Premiums.— In order to facili- 
tate making entries ;see Sec. 60) a number should he given 
to each item of the premium list. These are called prem- 
ium numbers, and may run consecutively throughout each 
Class or each Department. The following will illustrate: 

Prem. Nos. 

1. Stpllion, 4 years old and over. 

2. Stallion, 3 years old. 

3. Stallion, 2 years old, etc. 

The method of numbering ])y classes is preferable, as by 
H the needless practice of repeating the items of a class to 
form another, when both are the same, can be avoided- 
In such cases all that is necessary is to make the state- 
ment that its classification and premiums are the same as 
Class — , referring to the former o^ie. 

Sec. 42. Premium Oflerings.— It is usual to offer 
money as prizes, though diplomas and medals i.i some 
classes are quite common. Some Societies have found it 
profitable to ofler certain articles of silverware, &c., agri- 
cultural journals and like things upon certain classes. 

Upon most items two or more premiums are offered^ 
denominated first, second, &c. To specify these it is cus- 
tomary to needlessly take a line for each, they being set 
dow n, best so and so, second best, ditto, and so on. It can 
all be expressed, and space and printing saved, and a 
neater looking page made, as follows- 

1st. 2d. 
1. Stallion, 4 years old and over $10 00 ?o 00 

Sec. 43. Sweepstakes Purses. — In L.ive Stock Depart, 
raents, in addition to the general classes, classes denom- 
inated Sweepstakos are made in w^hich animals of differ- 
ent breeds, or of different ages of the same breed, are 
allowed to compete against each other for the purpose of 
ascertaining their comparative merits. 



30 PREMIUM LIST, 

Siec. 44. Departmenis. — TLe subjects embraced in & 
Fair may be classitied under tbe general divisions, Do- 
Bie»tie Animals, Industrial Arts, Fine Arts, and Agricul- 
tnral and Horticultwra] products. Tbese are general and 
are usuaOy divided into several more specific divisions, 
called JDepartaaeDts, though these general divisions may 
he called Departnaeuts and tbe otisers Classes. 

Sec. 45. DoHicslic Animals.— The departments of this 
divisioD are. Horse, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, and Poultry and 
Pet Stock. Each will be described m turn. 

Sec. 46. Horses. — ^This DepartMent is variously classi- 
led, the only classes found comraon being Draft Horses, 
Koadsters, aad Horses lor tieneral Use, or as they are 
oficea called, Geueral Purpose Horses. To these are added 
TSsorouglibreds, Light Harness Animals, Carriage and 
Coach Horses, Speed Horses, and sncb other classes as 
may be prodyced in the country where the Fair is located. 
Jacks and MMes are Bsually pwt issto this Department. 

Id tbe geiaeral classes a premium is usiially offered upon 
ffiiares, geldings and stallions of each age to four years, 
and lor tho&e of four years asd older. Also, upon brood 
maies asd colts, and spans of mares and geldings, three 
y©ars ©Id aind lour years old, though often these show 
wiilaotJt 3reg:ard to ages. Sometsjaes in Draft Horses, mares 
aaid gelclaags are made to compete with each other. Car- 
riage Horses are restricted to single aniasals and teams, 
wsthout regara to age, aEd Coach Horses to stalJions and 
teasas. 

Ira sweepsta&es stallfoos are required to show a certain 

mumh^T of their colts oS a given age, to test their breeding 
•qjiialities. Freminnas are also ofiered tor displays oJ 
3aorses and geldings, mares and matched teams of auy 
age or class. 

iSjEC. 41, Cattle. — ^This departmeut asisally contains a 
©lass for Durlaara Ilerefords,, Jersey a or Alderoeys, 



PREMIUM LIST. 31 

Moistens, Grades or Crosses, Fat Cattle, Millch Cows, 
Oxen, Sweepstakes, and such other breeds as are raised 
where the Fair is to be held. The usual divisions ot these 
classes is for bulls, three years old and over, two years 
old, yearlings and calves; females, tfte same, except that 
four year olds is added, and they are designated as heifers 
until three years old. In grades it is common to offer no 
premium on bulls, the idea being not to encourage breed- 
ing anything but pure bloods. Fat cattle is divided for 
steers or oxen and for cows or heifers: and for oxen 
premiums are offered upon each age to iour years old in- 
clusive, and often for those that are nearest matched or 
best broke. 

In Sweepstakes, bulls are required to show a certain 
number of their get of any or specified ages; and cows, a 
certain number of their calves of required ages, and prem- 
iums are offered upon Exhibitors' herds, consisting ot bull 
and four cows or heifers owned by exhibitor; Breeder's 
herds, consisting of bull and four cows or heifers bred and 
owned by exhibitors; displays of cattle and often pairs 
of calves, bull calves and heifer calves, and single bulls 
and cows of any age. 

Sec. 48. Sheep.— Here two general classes are com- 
mon, viz., Coarse or Long Wools and Fine Wools, the latter 
comprehending Merinos and the former the different 
Wolds and Downs. To these are added Grades, Fat Sheep 
and Sweepstakes. A better classification will be— Fine 
Wools or Merinos, Middle Wools, to include Downs, and 
Coarse Wools, to include Lincolns, Leicesters and Cots- 
wolds. Some prefer Merinos, Leicesters, Long Wools not 
Leicesters and and Downs. Where Grade Classes are 
made, it is usual to have at least two classes, Fine Wools 
and Coarse Wools. 

Each class usually contains premiums for bucks and 
pens of three ewes, two years old and over, one year old, 
and lambs. In Grades, bucks are omitted. Fat sheep 



6'2 PREMIUM LIST. 

premiums are upon three fat slieep and three fat lambs, 
and Sweepstakes upon pens of ewes, and bucks to show 
lambs in each class, coarse, fine, or middle wool. Some- 
times purses are added for lambs. 

Sec. 49. Swine, — The usual classification is: Small 
Breeds— Berkshires, Yorkshires, Leicesters, buttblk, Essex 
and Short-Faced Lancashire; Large Breeds — Chester- 
AVhite, Poland-China, MaGee, Xomander, Byfield and 
Jersey Beds, and Sweepstakes. Other common ways are: 
l^arge Breeds, Berkshii'es and Small Breeds; Large Dark 
Breeds, Large White Breeds, Berkshires an'd Small Breeds 
not Berkshires; or, instead of the last two, Small Dark 
Breeds and Small White Breeds. 

The usual premiums are upon boars and sows, one year 
old and over, six months old and under six months old; 
brood sows with five or more pigs under six months old, 
and litter of pigs (five or more) under six months old. 
Sweepstakes include for each class a herd consisting of 
a boar and four sows over six months old, owned by ex- 
hibitor, boars and sows any age, and often pigs under six 
months. 

Sec. 50. Poultry and Pet Stock.— This department in- 
cludes chickens, ducks, geese, tuikeys and othei fowls; 
ferretts, rabl>its, squirrels, birds, pigeons, fish, etc. 

Sec. 51. Industrial Arts. — A difliculty arises in mak- 
ing a proper classification of this division, and it has been 
usual either not to name the departments at all or call 
them Mechanics' and Manufacturer's Products, and Tex- 
tile Fabrics and Domestic Manufactures. The difficulty 
with this classification arises in the use of the word 
]Manufactures, a term which may be used in place of In- 
dustrial Arts, as it covers everything made by art, hand 
or machinery, with other words which it includes, to ex- 
press but a part of itself, and then making other depart- 
ments that come within its meaning as well, as does Me- 
clibnics' Productions, Textile Fabrics, &c. A strict classi- 



PREMIUM LIST. 06 

lication, however, is not usually regarded as essential, all 
that IS sought being to so arrange and express such prem- 
iums that are offered that exhibitors may readily find 
them. 

The difficulty is greatly avoided by classifying with re- 
ference to the place or manner they are made, rather than 
their character when made, as Factory and Shop Produc- 
tions and Household Productions, 

Sec. 52. Factory and shop Productions.— These 

may be divided into classes for 31achinery and Imple- 
ments; Household Furniture, Implements and Utensils; 
\ ehicles, Cabinet Wares, Cooperage and Carpentry, 
Leather Work, Iron Work, Glass and Earthen Ware, 
Worked Metals, Brass Work, Musical Instruments, 
Merchants' Goods, Manutactured Preparations, Books 
and Paper, Millers' Productions, and many others. In- 
stead ot Machinery and Implements, or as their sub- 
divisions, classes may be had for Alachinery Moved by 
Steam power, Machines and Implements Moved by Horses, 
and Machines and Implements Moved by Hand; or En- 
gines, Siiop Machinery, Agricultural 3Iacliines and Imple- 
ments, and Household Implements and Utensils. A very 
good classitication for o'dinary societies is: Agricultural 
Machinery and Iraplenients, Household Implements and 
Utensils, and Machinery and Implements for general use, 
the latter comprehending vehicles, harness, boots a.nd 
shoes, and similar articles, whose use is not confined to 
either farm or household. The different classes of these 
may be set off by sub-heads. 

Sec. 53. Household Productions.— These are divided 
somewhat with reference to their nature, as into classes 
for Plain Xeedle Work. anrl Weaving; Ornamental Needle 
and Fancy Woik; Fancy Domestic Ornaments, and Culin- 
ary Pioducts. The first contains bed spreads, comforters, 
quilts, mats and rugs, knitting, weaving, etc.; the second'; 
applique work, bead work, cany as work, crocheting, 
braiding, eml)roidering, tatting, tucking, pufSng, patch 
work, etc.; the third, wax W'Ork, teather work, ru^ic 



34 PKEMIUM LIST. 

work, hair work, and other articles of this class; the 
fourth, caunea Iruits, preserves, pickles, jellies, jams, 
catsup, bread, cake, etc. It is better to set out each of 
these in their proper class, having those of a kind grouped 
together and pointed out by a small sub-head, set in full- 
tace type, as they can thus be more readily distinguished 
and a repetition will often be avoided; thus: 

Applique Work: 

1. Bracket Lambrequins. 

2. Sofa Pillow, etc. 

Bead Work: 

3. Bead Basket. 

4. Toilet Cushion, etc. 

Embroideiy: 

5. Chair Cushions. 
a. Foot Rest, etc. 

Sec. 54. Fine Arts. -It ifl not always easy to draw the 
line as to what should come in this department. Fine 
Arts usually represent ideas and Mechanical Arts pur- 
poses. The rule that such things as gratify the aestheti- 
cal sense are Fine Arts, and such as have a practical use 
are Mechanical Arts, is a little more moderate, but still 
difficult to apply. Paintings, engraving, sculpture and 
architecture are acknowledged Fine Arts, but there can 
be no objection to classing with them many other works 
that are closely allied to them, such as decorated wares, 
etc. 

Sec. 55. Agricultural and Horticultural Products. — 

These are divided into classes lor Grain, Grasses, Vege- 
tables, Fruits and Flowers and Plants, the latter being 
often divided for professionals and amateurs. 
Field Crops also come under this head. 

Sec. 56. Discretionary Department.— A department 
is often added for articles which are not enumerated in 
the list, called Discretionary, as the payment of premiums 



PREMIUM LIST. 3D 

opon such of these articles as are recommended as being 
worthy by the Awarding Committees is usually at the 
option of the Society and the amount fixed by the Board, 
with regard to the financial success of the Fair. Such a 
department is otten a source of great perplexity to a So- 
ciety, as often persons will tafee advantage of it by chang- 
ing the name of some article they may have, and thus get 
it entered in the department where they will be sure of a 
premium, in order to avoid competition in the class where 
it properly belongs. When such a department is provided 
committees should be thoroughly instructed to watch and, 
if possible, detect such frauds. 



CHAPTER Ylll. 



ATTRACTIONS. 

Sec. 57. Success of Jt'airs. — To make a Fair a success 
two things are necessary— an exhiljition and an attend- 
ance. The two, however, are closely allied, so that when 
the former is secured the latter is almost certainly as- 
sured. A Fair for but one day cannot be made protitable, 
and as people can ordinarily attend and go through the 
exhibits in a day or less, and not care to return to see 
them again the next, it is necessary to devise something 
to increase the attractions and excite such an interest 
that people will wani to attend every day while it lasts — 
as it is usually expressed, "something that will draw." 
Various measures have been tried for the purpose. Places 
for resting comfortably, with music from a good band to 
enliven tne occasion, add to its pleasure, and the latter is 
especially inviting to some people. A list of attractions 
will be lound in the ioliowing: 

Sec. 58. Trials of Speed.— One of the most extensive 
as well as most protitable inventions to attract visitors to 
a Fair is contests, exhibiting ihe speed of horses, both 
running, trotting and pacing. Two or three races in 
which the horses are classed according to certain rates ot 
speed are given each day. Often, to court breeders, 
races between certain stallions in which larmers and 

4 



ATTRACTIONS. 



3i 



f.meiers are iiUerested, and colt races of certain get, are 
made up. Sometimes races between horses of local 
celebrity stir up considerable enthusiasm. Double team 
races are also interesting. 

Sec. 59. Other Equestrian Contests.— Many doubt 
the Dropriety as vvell as the morality of speed contests at 
Fairs, and in many instances attempts have been made 
to avoid giving speed the preference over other desirable 
traits in a horse, and to lead to greater care and effort to 
improve some ot the other '4U.alities of this noble animal. 
To take the place of racing they have invented contests 
between Draft Horses. Fast Walking Horses, Well 
Broken Horses, Graceful and Easy Riding Horses, etc. 
Besides these there may l)e mentioned what is known as 
a GrentJeman's lioad-horse Race and Mule Races, both of 
which are usually interesting and exciting. The former 
is a race between horses which have never t»eeu driven iu 
a race and which are untrained, driven by their owners 
three miles, the tii-st being walked, the second under the 
saddle and the third trotted to a road wagon or buggy, 
the owners being required to change harness without 
assistance, except to hold the horse. 

Two kinds of Mule Races, slow and fast, have been 
adopted. In the former the riders are changed, so that no 
person rides his own animal, and the purse is given to the 
lust one in. The exploits of riders to overcome tne well- 
known aversion a mule has to being ridden fast, often 
make these races a very comical spectacle. 

Horseback Riding, by Gents and Ladies, and Lady Driv- 
ing are amusements that art' attractive and pleasing to 
a« audience- 
Riding contests between girls under 16 and boys of like 
ages are also attractive. In these contests the premium 
should be awarded to the best and most graceful rider. 

Sec. 00. Agricultural Contests.— There is a class of 
contests tending to stimulate honest rivalry among farm 
laborers that should be encouraged, and premiums for 



34 ATTRACTIONS. 

these come within the legitimate purposes o! Fairs. How 
to excel in grooming a leorse, liarnessing a teajn; 
in plowing and mowing: in cradling, binding, shocking 
and stacking grain; in chopping, sawing and splitting 
wood; iu busking corn, building fence, laying tile, etc.. 
are surely important accomplishments to this class of peo- 
ple, and the well known conceit that many of them have 
ought to make such contests well patronized. Plowing 
Matches, Husking and Wheat Binding contests have 
been tried by many Societies with good success. 

Sec. ()1. Athletic Contests and Sports.— Occasions 
are often given for young men to display their strength, 
activity and skill in athletic sports and contests. Frizes 
are often given for walking, running, jumping, wresting, 
tossing the caber, sledge throwing, putting the shot, tug 
of war, etc. Contests between Hook and Ladder Com- 
panies, Fire Companies, Hose Companies, etc., often 
draw large crowds. The rules governing these may be 
found in any work devoted to such sports. 

Sec. 02. JUiscellaneous Attractions.— At some Fairs 
a premium is oti'ered for young ladies who can get up the 
best meal of victuals in the shortest time. We suggest 
that a cook who can get up a wholesome breakfast, 
promptly, on time every morning, deserves the most hand, 
some of medals, and that the art ought to be encouraged. 
Butter making and other similar contests might also be 
suggested. Band contests have proven attractive and 
profitable, as they save the employment of music on ihe 
day on which they take place. 

Baby shows, with premiums for the most handsome, 
most intelligent, the leanest and (attest baby, and prem- 
iums for the oldest percons in attendance are often given. 

Sometimes a Pioneer Department, where premiums are 
oflfered for ancient, curious and treasured ai tides of skill 
and handicraft, ancient household furniture, kitchen 
utensils, implements of husbandry or warfare, foreign 
and domestic curiosities, etc., and an Educational De- 
partment where premiums are oflered for the most ap- 



1 

ATTRBCTIONS, 3^ 

proved courses of study, plans ot insfruction. examina- 
tion papers of pupils, essays on different topics, tlrawin«:, 
penmanship, and work in other branches; school furni- 
ture aiid apparatus, r>ooks, maps, globes, charts, etc., are 
considered attractions and are added. 

Special premiums are sometimes offered lor essays 
upon practical suojects connected with farmino;, as man- 
ai^mg farms, planting certain crops, road making, etc. 

WJiere rats and other pests are namero«s, to encourage 
their extermination, a premium is often given to the dis- 
trict that shall ^ill the greatest number within a certain 
lime: the tails ot the rats or some similar part ot other 
animals being required to ?>e put up in bundles for ex- 
hibition and tor evidence for making tne award. Th»r 
officers of a Society will often be able to add other attrac- 
tions which the UmQ and circumstances of their Fair will 
suggest. 



CHArTEK IX. 



GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 

Sec. 63. AdoptioB of Plans,— Upon the management 
of a Fair its success more or less depends. To secnre 
prompt and liarmonious action, it is essential that some 
time previous to us commencement those having its man- 
agement sbowk! lay out plans for conducting it, and as it 
approaches take Pleasures to have them carried '^nt, by 
selecting the necessary officers and agenf^?, and instruct- 
ing tbeni as to bovi' they should act. So far as these plans 
affect exhibitors, tbev should be printed as rules and 
TogulatJons in the pjemium list for their enlightenment. 
In this chapter we shall discuss such plans as pertain to 
the private atfairs of tbe Society, leaving those of a gen- 
eral or public nature tor tlie next chapter, though some of 
tlie latter are treated incidentally toereisj. 



GENEKAL MANAGEMENT, SrT 

Sec. 64. Officers and Commitlees.— Some Societies 
hiive a General Superintenilent, to whom is assigned the 
iHanag:ement of the Fair, but more often iJie President, 
assisted i>y the Vice President, has its supervision in- 
trusted to him. To avoid confusion and secure general 
harmony and good order, each employe should be in- 
structed precisely as to what labor he is to perform. 
Each oflicer should be supplied with a badges, so that he 
may be readily identified. 

In order to secure proper management, each department 
is put in charge of one or more persons called Superin- 
tenrtents or Managers. Sometimes these i)Osition8 are 
parcelled out among the members of the Board of Direc- 
tors, who are designated as Attending Members. They 
should be men of good judgment and who will treat ex- 
hibitors honestly, impartially and courieously, as the best 
interests of the Society always require. To decide upon 
the relative meriis of the dirterent exhibits is usually lelt 
to a comiuittee of three persons, called the A>Yarding 
Committee. 

Sec. 65. Selection of Superintendents and Com- 
mittees. — In well regulated Societies, in order to secure 
competent, impartial and disinterested persons, the selec- 
tion of Awarding Committees and Superintendents is left 
to the Committee on Awards (Sec. 29), which makes 
arrangements to have the members on hand when they 
are to be needed. The Superintendents are sometimes 
called upon to suggest names of persons for the com- 
mittees in their departments, and oiten have the choosing 
of them. Some Societies wait and select them during the 
Fair from those in attendance; but this is an inferior 
method, as it is sometimes impossible at such times to 
obtain satisfactory committees. Care should be exer- 
cised to obtain persons having qualitications which tit 
them to act in the class where they are assigned. Filling 
of vacancies in committees is usually left to the Superin- 
tendent or Committee on Awards, which is in session 
upon the grounds during the Fair foi the purpose. Com- 



as GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 

uiittees often receive pay tor their time, and jj^enerally are 
supulied with their dinner by the Society, as u compli- 
ment for their hibor. 

Sec. 66. Admission of the Pnblic— One of the first 
things to be developed will be the method ot admitting 
the public to the Exhibition. It is usually done with 
tickets, each ]>arty entering being required to provide 
liimselt with one before so doing. They are generally of 
two kinds, one for a single admission, which is taken up 
as the party enters, and the other a season ticket, which 
cannot be taken up, as the holder is allowed to pass out 
and in upon it. 

The Secretary usually sells the exhibitor's and season 
tickets, though otten it is done by the Treasurer. Parties 
are employed for the purpose of selling tickets at tne 
^ates, grand stand and other places requiring it. Enough 
tickets should l)e provided belore the Fair to last through 
it, and be put up in packages of one hundred each. Some 
person should be appointed to deliver tickets to the sellers 
each day and required to keep an account ol them. Tick- 
ets numbered consecutively, like railroad tickets, are be- 
coming very common, as they are very valuable in ascer- 
taining at any time just bow many have been sold. Each 
ticket agent should act independently of the others and be 
required to account in the return of tickets and monev for 
all the tickets that have been delivered to bim. The 
mombprsbip and coupon tickets may be numbered and de- 
livered likewise. At the gates parties are employed to 
take tickets and provided with large tin boxes in which to 
deposit them. They should be locked securely, having 
o.ily an opening to put the tickets into them, so that they 
may uot be opened until the close of the Eair, when the 
tickets should be counted, with a view of comparing their 
number with the number reported as heing sold. Some- 
times turnstiles are used, provided with registering ma- 
chines, so that no mistake can be made or Jra?id perpe- 
trated on the Society. Each niijht, when the gates close, 
tbe day's receipts, shwild be t^arnetl ?>ver to tiie proper 



GENERAL MANAGEMENT. _3^ 

officer and an account made of the same. Wlien the So- 
ciety does not provide a place for depositing ticket boxes, 
etc., (and it may be well in any case) it is usual to leave 
them in the custody of the parties having them until the 
close of the Fair. 

The gates should be opened as early in the morning as 
parties will want to begin to pass out and in. The first 
thing usually necessary to be done is to have the police 
traverse the grounds and ascertain who among those 
present ai-e entitled to remain. Those not having tickets 
should be sent to the office to procure them, and tick- 
ets where found shoiib] be taken up and returned to the 
proper officers. Police should not be allowed to take 
money from parties. 

Skc. 67. Ticket Fiaiids. — How to construct and 
manipulate tickets so to avoid beinif defrauded by having 
them used by different persons, or too often by the same 
person, has been a matter of considerable study to 
the managers of different Societies. Wiih single tickets 
that are taken up at the gate no such trouble exists; but 
when a party is allowed to retain his ticket it is readily 
accomplished, by passing the ticket through the fence, or 
sending it out by a messenger to some friend, who takes 
it and enters upon it, the gate-keeper in a rush not always 
being able to observe the deception. To avoid this, some 
Societies require the gate-keeper to punch such tickets 
whenever they are used, it being an object of suspicion if 
the holes in one become numerous. Some limit the number 
of admissions to two eacli day, issuing a ticket with cou- 
pons, one of which is torn off upon each admission; or 
what is known as a-i3ommutation ticket, having a number 
to be punched out upon each admission, A plan regarded 
better than either is to issue a ticket havinic a coupon 
for each day to be torn oft when a person first enters; 
when he passes out let him show his ticket and get a 
check; then when he returns require him to show the 
ticket again and take up the check. As the party who 
passes his ticket out secretly gets no cheek, no other per- 



40 GENERAL MANAGEMENT, 

son can enter in upon it. When a ticl<et admits man and 
wife, either may pass out with the ticket, or both touether 
when two checks are issued, the parties being required to 
return tojjrether— the checks never beini;; taken without the 
tickets. The coupons torn otf will serve for checks, and 
to ])e distinguished reiidily may be of a different color for 
each day. 

When day admission tickets are used the same plan as 
to passes will work admirably. The tickets tor each day 
should l»e of a different color, and likewise wherever 
passes are used they should be of a ditferent color for each 
day, or possess such marks as will readily (Jistinguish 
them. For ordinary .admissions a ticket is issued and 
taken up at the ifate and put into a box provided tor the 
purpose by the gate-keeper. No tickets except these are 
usually transferable. These instructions will apply to 
grand stands aiul other places where tickets are sold. 

Sec. 68. 4dmission of Helpers.— flow^ to regulate 
the admission ot nelpers and grooms of live stock has 
been rather a vexatious question, and a source of much 
trouble, as they are usually a lot of miscreants ready to 
take advantage of every opportunitv that is presented to 
beat tue Society, and sometimes the number that an ex- 
hibitor may want (often to get his triends admitted in that 
way) is out of proportion to what he really may need. 
Some Societies charge for them at a full or limited price 
and others admit them tree. Sometimes the number is 
controlled by the stock an exhibitor has, being one tor a 
certain number of head. To avoid the difliculty arising 
trom persons who get on the grounds and remain over 
night, claiming to be helpers for certain parties, some So- 
cieties take the names of all assistants, and require the 
exhibitor to call at a certain hour each day and obtain 
tickets allowing them to remain upon the grounds the 
next day, which unless they have in the morning wiien the 
authorities clear the grounds they are put off or required 
to pay. A more simple manner of arriving at the object is 
had in the use of a ticket having a coupon for each day, 



GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 45 

V bich is torn off at the gate or by parties clearing the 
grounds. As these are nsually sold at a reduced price, 
they do not allow the holder to pass the gate. 

Sec. 69. Entiies,— The work of making entries is usu- 
ally under the charge of the Secretary, ^Yho either attends 
to ic himselt or assigns it to certain of his assistants. 
Making an entry consists in recording the name of the 
exhibitor, a description of his exhibit and the class where 
it is to compete, and issuing a tag to be attached to it, 
showing where it has been entered. The record is re- 
quired to show who are entitled to compete, and the tags 
to assist the Examining Committee in finding the articles 
they desire. For making these entries the Secretary must 
provide plans and books properly ruled to carry them out. 
For tags a eommon shipping tag is used. N^o part ot the 
labor connected with a Fair is more important than this, 
and perhaps none ot it has been conducted more unsatis- 
factorily. When the number of entries is large, to take 
them rapidly, as is often necessary, and have them accu- 
rate is no easy task, as exhibitors do not fancy being re- 
quired to wait to make their entries, aud in a hurry and 
contusion innumerable mistakes, leading to irritation and 
disappointment, one of which may possibly mar the suc- 
cess ot the Fair, are liable to creep in and are often dis- 
covered CO late as to be irreparable. Whatever plan that 
may be adopted should be so brief as to take the least 
possible time in making an entry, and so simple that in 
its use scarcely a possibility ol making a mistake will 
exist. 

Sec. 70. Plans of Making Entries.— Of these there 
are several in use. Often an ordinary blank book is used, 
in which the name of each exhibitor and a list of his ex- 
hibits are set down in regular order one after the other as 
parties appear, the items being numbered consecutively 
from the first, each entry being designated on the entry 
tag and in the committee book by the number it bears, tne 
latter being made by going through the list and collecting 
the items entered in each class and placing them in a book 



46 GKNKllAL MANAGEMENT. 

by themselves. The clifflciilty with this plan, besides 
bein*^ laborious and slow, is that the promiscuous arrange- 
ment of the entries renders it ex'^.eedingly difficult to find 
any that may be desired, and errors are likely to occur in 
transferring and checking olt. It is improved by adopting 
a separate l)ook for each class or department, owing to 
their size, the entries being numbered consecutively in 
each. The entries of a class are thus brought together; 
but unless divisions are made by. setting a certain page or 
number of lines for each premium, according to the an- 
ticipated number of entiiesfor it, so that those fv)r each 
premium may be put together, the classification will be 
incomplete, if this is done, however, the increased labor 
of rewriting the exhibitor's name in each class, the diffi- 
culty of turning the leaves to find what is wanted, the 
hindrance that will arise in finding the proper book, 
especially if it become misplaced, and the delay often 
caused by some other persons having a book in use when 
wanted are quile serious. Then unless it is thought de- 
sirable to give these books, containing the names of ex- 
hibitors, to committees, the labor of copying them, gener- 
ally the last duty of the Secretary, to be performed at 
night reaching late after a hard day's work, is also de- 
cidedly distasteful, to say the least. 

Skc. 71. New Method of Making Entries.— The 

author ot this work has a plan of making entries that has 
been used and examined by many competent judges, and 
pronounced unequalled, in its simplicity, systematic ar- 
rangement, and the rapidity and ease with which entries 
may be taken by it. The basis of the system is lo avoid 
repetition, so that when an exhibitor's name has t:>een 
once recorded, instead of rewriting it for every differ- 
ent entry or class of entries he may make, the one 
will suffice for all, and when the description of anything 
has been written in entering it once, it need not again be 
written for all the entries that may be made of the same 
thing, whether by the same person or different persons. 
And even more, the method being such that the printed 
matter in the premium list may be used and the books 



GENERAL MANAGEME>JT. 47 

prepared at leisure of the Stereiary before the Fair, so 
that the names of the articles need not he written at all, 
the arrangement being so simple and systematic that the 
whole can be put into a book containing but few leaves, 
and any desired part or premium turned to at a glance. 
As the usnal ratio of the number of entries made to the 
number of exhibitors is about ten to one — that is, on the 
average each makes ten entries, and if upon the whole 
there should >)e live entries for each piemium ottered it 
Avill be seen readily that such a method will save nine- 
tenths of the labor otherwise required in writing names 
and four-tifths of that required In writing the description 
of the entries. Descriptive circulars will be sent upon ap- 
lication. See advertisement on last page ol cover. 

Sec. 72. Non-cnumierated Articles. — A department 
is usually made lor such articles (see Sec. 50), and it is 
usiuil to enter them all together in one book. The diffi- 
culty in tnis lies in their examination, as special commit- 
tees for the purpose must be chosen and the members 
changed often on account of the ditterent classes ot art- 
icles to be judged, often causing considerable trouble and 
expense. By our plan we avoid this by leaving lines after 
each class for writing the names of such articles as are 
entered of the same charscter, so that they will all appear 
together and be acted upon by the regular committee. 

Sec. 73. Entry Tags.— For each entry a tag is issued 
and upon it usually there is written a description of the 
thing to which it is to be attached, the number of the entry 
corresponding to the number in the entry book, and the 
department and class in Avhich it is entered. Another 
quite simple plan is only to place upon the card the de- 
partment and class where it belongs, leaving the exhibitor 
to attach it properly. It has the oltjections, however, (ex- 
cept in live stock and other, departments where tha ait- 
icles of a kind can all be grouped together so as to be 
readily discerned) that it will often be difficult to find 
what is wanted when the awards are to be made, and also 
that the names of exhibitors will be required by the com- 



48 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 

mittee. A Detter plan is to place upon the entry tag the 
entrj^ number, the department, class and the premium 
number as tound in the list (see Sec. 41', usiui? it for a de- 
scription often containing several words. Indeed, all that 
is necessary to use is the entry number, the committee 
judi^ing from the looks of the thing whether it is being- ex- 
amined under the proper class, as in the second method 
above, and in such departments as the exhibitor is re- 
«4Uired to be by to show his things one tag will do for all. 
It is usually better, however, to add the department and 
class. 

To avoid getting property mixed a method of having an 
entry tag divided into parts, perlorated between them so 
that the lower part may be torn off, making a detachable 
check, and requiring it to be presented (it being a dupli- 
cate of the other part) to the Superintendent of the De- 
partment at the close of the Fair in order to obtain pro- 
perty, is in use at some of the largest Fairs. Two tags are 
sometimes used tor the purpose, one to be attached to the 
exhibit and the other retained to identify the property. 

Sec. 74. Making Entries. — In this a division of labor 
will be found very profitable. Let a definite portion of the 
work be assigned to each employe, one to keep the entry 
books, one to make the tags, and so on. Have the party 
who keeps the books and the one who makes the tags sit 
close enough together to communicate readily, and as the 
exhibitor announces his entry, the one record it and an- 
nounce its number and the other place them on the tag. 
Where the entries are made upon blanks, they should be 
first passed to the bookkeeper and the number of each 
noted and then passed to the tag-maker. The work is 
thus systematized. Each person soon becomes familiar 
with his work, and mistakes are less liable to occur than 
otherwise. 

Sec. To. Committee Books. — In order to place before 
the committees the information as to what entries have 
been made, and for them to report the results of their ac- 



GENERAL MANAGEMENT, 49 

tion, it is usuiil to preijare for tliem a small hook, cotitaiii- 
jjig a list of entries, with proper space for their report. 
Several methods are in use, depending upon the method 
of i-ecording- the entries. The author has visited one or 
two Societies where the Secretary gave the committees 
the book in blank, expecting them to grope ai)0ut and tiiul 
wnat has been entered, examine them and report, but it is 
not thought that tiuit practice is very extensive. It is 
usual to give with each entry its number, so that the cou.- 
mittees may know what numbeis to look for upon the 
tags, and when all tlie entries have been found. To collect 
these when the entries have been made and set down in 
order as parties have come in, requires considerable 
labor, but the convenience arising to the committee in 
having them all together, and the li;ibility to omit entrif s 
that is thus avoided will outweigh it. Sometimes the 
namc> of the exhibitor is given also: but it is not necessary 
and It IS generally thought to be wroui^, as committees 
will act more impartially without them. When separate 
entry books are used, and the entries classilied wheu 
made, as described in Sec. — , the entry books are o<tt n 
given to the committees to save copying. To avoid giving 
the names ot exhibitors to committees a plan is in use, in 
which the leaves of the book are cut apart between the 
names and items, and the part containing tb^ names 
sewed up so that they cannot be seen. 

By the author's plan a separate book, similar to the 
entry book, excejit smaller, with space for remarks, is 
provided for each class and prepared similar to the entry 
book at the leisure of the Secretary before the Fair. Then 
after the entries close a few minutes' w(uk will transfer 
tne numbers appearing in the entry column of the 
entry book into the respective committee books, where 
they will appear in compact furm in their appropriate 
places ready for use. Tnis will be found a decided im- 
provement over the old and usual method, which require« 
the Secretary to labor until midnight and after, in prepar- 
ing his committee books, after a hard day's work in mak- 
ing entries. The committee first ascertain the wUere- 



50 GENERAL MANAGEMEXT. 

aboiits of the exhibits, beariiif? on tbe taj^s tbe numbers 
loiiud in the entry columns, and when they raake the 
the award, place the entry number receiving the first 
premium in the column for awards headed lirst; that re- 
ceiving second in the column so headed, and so on, so that 
a mistane casi hardly occur. 

Skc. 76. Rental Foyileges.— The matter of letting out 
the rights of selling articles upon the grounds is one o#a 
considerable income to Societies, and tne practice is 
Taried as much as any branch oJ the business. Some sell 
the whole business to one party, leaving him to sublet it 
as he chooses. Others sell exclusive privileges on certain 
things, and others make no distinction, selling anything 
that a person may want, without regard to what has al- 
ready been sold. Tbe particular course to be adopted 
must be Jelt to each Society to determine for itself, as it 
must greatly depend upon tbe extent and character of 
tneir exhibition. In ordinary Societies, a dining hall, a 
cold lunch stand and confectionery, peanut, pop-corn, 
lemonade, ice cream, soda water, hot candy, and beer 
stands often are let. Tbe letting is done privately, by 
sealed bids, or at auction some time previous to tbe Fair. 

The dining hall occupant has the sole privilege of selling 
warm meals; the cold lunch stand is conlined to cold eat. 
ables; the other stands sell what their names indicate, 
oUen exclusive, and often have in addition lemonade, 
cakes, gingerbread, Iruits, sandwiches, cigars and to- 
bacco, pretzels, bologna, dried beei and bread, or some of 
them. 

At tbe Fair it is iisoal to have applications from medi- 
cine men, fakers, hawkers and peddlers without limit. 

Tbe character of tbe stand usually regulates its price, 
thougb in some places it depends largely upon the prom- 
inence of its location and extent of the ground occupied, 
as so much per loot front on a certain thoroughfare. 
Payment is sometimes required in advance, and some* 



GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 51 

times part in advance and a certain portion ot the balance 
eacli day. Tlie former way is preferable, as it does away 
with the labor of sroing; around to collect during the Fair. 

The letting of stands is often given to a committee ou 
that subject, which determines what stands shall be let 
and upon the conditions, puts their disposal into the 
hands of some competent person. Blank contracts, con- 
taining terms of letting, time of payment, etc., should be 
prepared, so that the questions that arise witli a class 
of stand men usually known as "kickers" may be avoided. 

It is usual where the ground is not let by the foot to pro- 
vide that parties shall be contined to such location as may 
be given them, and that no person will be allowed more 
tha.i one place of selling. Peanut and pop-corn vendors 
often have privilege of peddling. Grand stand privileges 
are reserved to parties purchasing them. 

Sometimes it is provided that no wheels of fortune, prize 
packages, gambling devices, etc., or intoxicating liquors 
will !;e allowed upon the grounds, and that parties who 
violate their contracts will foifeit their privileges and the 
sums paid upon them. So also that no allowances or de- 
duction wMll be made on account of bad weather, poor 
attendance, or other cause. 

Sec. 77. Rental Privileges, Continued— Admis- 
sions. — The question of admitting persons securing privi- 
leges and their assistants is sometimes a serious one, on 
account ot their well known disposition to impose upon 
the Society when an occasion arises. Some Societies give 
a season ticket with each privilege, and such a number of 
additional tickets as their judgment dictates as being pro- 
per. Others make the amount paid the price of the privi- 
lege alone, and charge extra for admissions the same as to 
ordinary visitors. Others issue a certain per cent, ot the 
price of the privilege in tickets at a certain price, as ten 
per cent, of the cost at 25 cents each, leaving the party to 
dispose of what he may not need and to purchase more 

6 



52 GENERAL MANAGEIMENT. 

should he not have enough. Sometimes wagons furnish- 
ing supplies for stands are allowed to go in tree ot charge, 
and often they ai-e required to lay them in before a cer- 
tain hour in the morning, after which they are charged as 
other persons. 

Sec. 7S. PoJice. — To preserve order and })rotect the 
property of exhibitors (although it is usual to provide that 
the Society will not be responsible for any loss that may 
occur). It is usual to employ an ample police force, and 
have them stationed about the grounds where they may 
be needed. A Chief of Police is appointed, to whom in_ 
structions as to what is needed are given, and he may be 
held responsible for their being carried out. Two sets of 
men should be employed, one for day and one for night. 
' Sec. 75). Marshals. — In order to give notices, make 
calls aiul announcements, and assist in conducting the 
cei'emonies and carrying out the official program, an 
officer designated a Marshal is appointed, who usually bas 
one or more assistants to aid him. In order that they 
may go al)out readily they are usually on horse back. In 
some Societies the office is elective. The Marshal often 
wears a red scarf as an insigna oi bis office, and his as- 
sistants often wear blue ones. 

Sec. 83. Supplying Forage. — As it is usual for Soci- 
eties to lurnish hay for feeding and straw tor bedding 
animals upon exhibition, it will be necessary to adopt 
some meihod of supplying them. Too often it is hauled 
and stacked upon the grounds, where parties without 
tiistinction are allowed to go to it and take what is 
wanted. A little system here will prove a saving to the 
Society. "When no buildings have been provided to put it 
in, it should be stacked outside the grounds. Each night 
a wagon should be sent to the place where it is kept and 
loaded, and enough left at each stall for use during the 
following day. This will save its being picked over and 
tramped upon and wasted at the stack. Some Societies 
limit the quantity ot hay allovv^ea to each person, as fol- 
lows: To each head of cattle, 20 lbs.; to each horse, 15 lbs.; 
to each sheep, 3 lbs. The stalls may be tilled with straw 
Xjrotitably from the loads when they are first hauled. 



CHAPTER X. 



RULES AXD REGULATIONS. 



Sec. 81, Divisions.— The rules and regulations relat- 
ing to the conduct of a Fair are divided into two classes, 
general and special. The general rules are usually put to- 
gether near the Iront of the catalog: while the special 
rales, tliough sometimes mixed with the general rules, 
ai'o better placed at the head of the class or department to 
which thejr relate. 

1. GENERAL RULES. 

Skc. 82. Compelitiou. — Some Societies limit competi- 
tion to certain territory; some make special classes for a 
limited territorj^, and som.e all but certain special classes. 
It IS usual, however, to open competition to all, as it 
brings out a larger exhibition and increases the attract- 
iveness of the Fair. Often the live stocli classes, or a por- 
tion 01 them, are confined to parties who have bred the 
stock, in order to encourage breeding and avoid show 
stock: and articles are required to be entered by or for the 
manufacturer or contriver, or by some member of his 



54 KUI^S AKD KEGULATIONS. 

family, Often tlie eligibility of an animal, especiallj a 
horse, js limited to one class. Some allow one to be en- 
tered in as many classes as the owner desires, but siiowis 
once. Some bave no restrictions, while some allow^ one to 
be sbown in as many classes as the owner desires, but 
charge an extra fee Jor each re-entry. The latter is con. 
sidered a verj' good way, as it does away with the vepre- 
btnsible practice parties have of entering an anima! in 
several classes, and alter examining to see what competi" 
tion there will be in each, showing him only where it is 
the weakest. When this method is adopted, a certificate 
should be prepared and issued showing ithe payment of 
the extra entry fee, and the same required to be shown to 
the Sivperintendemi or committee belore the examination 
is made, an order that they may know that the animal is 
eligible in the particular class. Otherwise the Society 
may be defrauded hy a person entering the same animal 
twice, BDder a pretence that he has two. The certificate 
Kjay be on the entry tag. 

It is usital to provide that no Sisperintendent or Director 
will be allowed to compete for a premium m a department 
over whjch he has charge. 

S:ec. SS. .Haairy Fees.— Ordnnanly IjpJore a person ss. 
aIlo^Yed to exhsbiil he is required to become a memT>er of 

the Society (Sec. 1} ©r to pay an entry fee. When the 
membersfflip is obtained or the iee once paid the person is 
ailoYfed to make as mtsny entries as hp- may choose, ex- 
eepi for special premsnms, without extra chaj-ge, ihowgh 
it is -wa-ani to limit Mm to sMch lyings as belong to himself 
^r some immediate memWr of his family. Members and 
persoTJS payisnj? tSae re^qxjlrcd fee are usisaMy admitted to* 
^lue exlhJ?>iti(OB, d^arisug'- the Fair, withost fwrsber charge, 
sMd often t&eir help are inc-Iiided, Tbo best methoals t© 
c®iiaiMe tlae at^missioM t& a single person and use the 
tacJvet -described m Sec, €S, J^'or helpers see Sec. 67. Some 
S4>©3eties give ©schifetorsi tlae privilege oil tafeingin their 
wBves wittooisai. extra i»3Barge, Some isaclixde their child rera 
iffiuder a ©ertasro sjg-©, aia^fi ©ther® ssdmst a whole fasnilj 
"witli©i0ii. resrsrii to Sfee ®nimljser©r age of its meml>er3. Ssi«Iij 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 55 

■A wholesale admittance is not only a decided abuse, but is 
dangerous to a Society and usually the means ofextensive 
{rauds being practiced upon it. it may swell an attend, 
ance, but it will deplete the treasury. Families are un- 
usually large at such times, and it is a known fact that 
men otherwise regarded as honest will often in such cases 
mingle the memners of other faniiliei* with their own, or if 
their wife happens to be away, or has already been ad- 
mitted, so that the opportunity occurs, they will take 
their neighbor's wife and palm her off as their own. It is 
like riding on the railway train — 'lo one hesitates to beat 
the conductor. 

To secure uniformity, some Societies issue a ticket to 
the exhibitor and in addition give him a certain number of 
(generally four) admission tickets. But the object is illy 
secured by this method, as the number is often in excess 
of what are wanted, and they are sold, so that individuals 
derive the benefit instead of the Society. 

Some Societies as an inducement charge exhibitors no 
entry lee, but require ol those desiring to see the exhibition 
the same admission as other visitors at the gates. The 
matter of lurnishing them tickets, spoken of in the next 
section, by the methods now in use, is so much involved 
that this practice is becoming quite customary, and it 
works well, though perhaps it may be improved by re- 
'[Uiring exhibitors of live stock and such others as remain 
upon the grounds at night to purchase season tickets. 

Some Societies charge for admissions and require an 
entry fee of a certain sum or a certain per cent, of the 
purse or first premium of the purse to be paid. An entry 
fee of ten per cent, of the purse is common in Speed 
Classes. In Sweepstakes It is usual to charge an extra 
fee, and often to avoid being obliged tu give the premium 
to some formidable animal without competition and at a 
small expense to this owner, it is required that in such 
classes there shall be a certain number of entries in each 
purse. 



56 RULES AND KEGULATIO:S'y. 

Sec. 84. Admissioa Fees.— The practices in r<-^';!!'U 
lo iidiDissioMs are as various as there are cliflercul So- 
cieties. Ordhijiry visitors are iisuaiiy charged by the dny 
orsmj>-]e jHiinlsslop. Sometimes season tickets aie soul lo 
parties desirij-ig \bem. Sometimes parties are allov.ed to 
drive iipoji the grojinds free of charge, and often ndiSiis- 
sioft fees are charired for vehicles — so much forasn^cle 
animal and so much for a double team, the latter generaily 
being about double the former. Seats in the grand sland 
are usually exlsa. 

A license lee is often charged to liackroen lor carrying 
passengers, especially when they are allovvcd to drive 
npon the grounds, and the matter n:;ade qiiite a source of 
profit, 

TVhen the first dav is devoted to arranging exhibits, no 
admission fee is charged for that day. 

Sec. 85. Making Entries.— Some Societies rcq-uire en- 
tries to be made in writing and furnish t)Ianks for the piii'- 
pose, with appropriate spaces for giving a description of 
the entry, the department and class, where it is to be en- 
tered, and the name and address of the exhibitor. This 
method will be toiind valuable in searching owt the re- 
sponsibility for mistakes that occur in entries, siicb as 
inalnng them m the wrong class and tiie Jike, It is usual 
to set some time upon \yh3ch the entries open and close, 
and it will be found a great lavor to have the time lor 
closing fixed as early as possible, so as to give the Secre- 
tary ample opportunity to jjrepare the coramittee books 
before the examinations are to begin. 

In Great Britain and some places in New York a plan 
has been adopted of having the entries closed, in some in- 
stances as early as thirty days before the opening of the 
Fair, and publishing a catalog of the same, witn the post- 
office address of the exhibitor. When the esbibition 
opens these catalogs are placed on sale, and their cost 
often more than paid by the receipts. Tisitors with cata- 
log in hand, where the exhibits are yarious, can thus 



KULES AKD llEGULATIONS. 57 

;n iko i\ mare iinerii,iOP,t and satisfactory exainination ot 
Ihem. It is usual to (ievote the tirst day to making en- 
tiies and arranging exhibits, Some Societies extend the 
lime until noon the second day, but this is a mistake, as it 
will be Jound uiuc.h more satisfactory to close them en the 
eve of the first day, and begin tlie examination })rcni};t!y 
on the second day. 

Skc. 86. I'^ntry Tags.— It is usual to provide that the 
entry tags must be securely attached to the exhibit or 
'.sept so that thev may be shown to tlie committee iipcn 
the examination. 

Sec. 87. Changing Enlries.— in order to do away 
the contemptible practice some exhibitoj's hare of making 
tlieir entries, and after they lind what opposition they will 
have to encounter, seeking, upon some pretext, to get 
them changed into a class where it will be less formid- 
able; no change ol entry should be allowed after it 
has been once made, unless to correct errors, and 
tiien not unless the .error is decidedly apparent. 
Some Societies meet the difficulty by charging a fee 
for changing entries. In order to scrutinize the ob- 
ject one may have in wishing to (tbange an entry, and that 
it may not be overlooked after the change is made, it is 
olten provided that no change of entry shall be made with- 
out the consent ol the superintendents, both in charge of 
the department where the entry has been made and where 
it IS to be changed to. When an error is discovered, if the 
committee books have been made np, the change should be 
carried into the proper one at once, so that it w ill not be 
missed upon examination. 

Sec. 8S. secrecy of Entries. It is usual to provide 
that in no case will the owner's name be given or any per- 
son be allowed to see the entries until after the awards 
have been made. The reason for this is obvious. 

Sec. 89, Exiiifeits. Proper space and accommodations 
are provided by the Societies for exhibitors. Sometimes 
dissatisfaction grows out of locations, especially of stalls, 



58 RULES AND RECJULATIONS. 

but tbis is difficult to avoid. Some charge for space and 
fix tlie price according to location. Others make no as- 
signment until after the entries are opened, and then hav- 
ing the stalls numbered, assign them consecutively in the 
order in which they are received. This often secures 
promptness in making entries, and the assignment can be 
then made intelligently. Besides it has the advantages of 
depriving parties ot choosing more stalls than they need, 
it turning out, when the exhibition opens, that the Society 
has space to spare, for the supposed want of which other 
parties have been turned away. It is always provided 
that exhibits shall be upon ihe grounds by a certain time 
(usually before the Fair opens for visitors), and shall not 
be removed before its close without the consent of the Su- 
perintendent of the department vi-here it belongs, or some 
oiher specified officer. This, like ether similar rules, is 
difficult to enforce; all that can usually be done being to at- 
tach as a penalty the forfeiture ot any premiums that have 
been awarded to the exhibitor. The enforcement ot ihe 
rule, however, is highly important, as otherwise the at- 
tractiveness of the Fair might be greatly lessened near its 
close. It is usual to provide that no obnoxious or reoul- 
sive articles will be received upon the grounds, and if en- 
tered without being known will be removed at once. 

Sec. SO. Stabling and Forage. It is usual to furnish 
exhibitors of live stock with stabling and hay and straw, 
during their stay upon the grounds, tiee of charge, and 
provide grain upon the grounds to i)e sold at cost. Some- 
times a ehaage is made for stalls and pens, and quite often 
lor box-stalls. Exhibitors are required to attend to the 
care and keeping of . their property. To protect them- 
selves from imposition by those who enter animals lor the 
sake of getting them fed during the Fair, the Society gen- 
erally provides that for all animals entered tor competitio.i 
and not exhibited, a charge (generally so much per day), 
will be made for stalls and keeping. 

Sec. 90. Superintendents. ISotice is generally given 
that Superintendents of departments will be in attend- 



KUL'ES AND REGULATIONS. 50 

ance at a certain time (one or more days betore the Fair), 
to receive property to be placed upon exhibition. It i^* 
made their duty to receive all property entered tor exhi- 
bition; see thai it is placed and arranged in a suitable and 
attractive manner, and that the tags are properly and se- 
curely attached. They are given the entire charge of the 
property upon exhibition in their respective departments, 
and required to see that the same is properly protected 
and cared for. They are usually required to be present 
and taKe charge ot the exrrainations, direct the commit- 
tees, and assist them in their labors. They should be fa- 
miliar with the Society rules so as i& dispose of promptly 
any questions that may arise. 

bEC. 01. Awarding Corarailtees. These committees 
are usually defined and the manner of their selection giV' 
en, so that exnibitors may feel that they will be fairly and 
impartially dealt with. The members are urjjed to at- 
tend ])romptly at the time they are wanted, and it is olten 
provided that if tbey do not appear their places will be 
tilled. Their names ai-e sometimes printed in the list, but 
for aitparent reasons are moie often Ivept secret from exhi- 
bitors. It ifc usual to provide that no Superintendent or 
percon related to any competitor will be allowed to act as 
a niember of an Awarding Committee, 

Sec. 02. £xani]nati(on and Awards. It is usual to 
fix some lime when the examination in each class will be- 
gin. This is announced by a program of the exercises 
I>rinted in some part of the catalog or at the bead of the 
class. With the examination of live stock it is quite Sm- 
possil>le to be just on time, and hence the Marshal is sesit 
around where the animals wanted are statiohed, to an- 
nounce the classes publicly as each is ready, so that those 
jnterested may bear and attend. Some Societies give no- 
tice by displaying flags from the Judge's stand; differeal 
colors being bad for different classes. Parties are thus 
given a certain number of minutes to appear. The exam- 
iuations should f>egin as early as possible so as to aToid 
iatei-fereuce by the crowd of spectators. In ^ew York is 



63 RULES A>fD REGULATIONS. 

is eiistoni;\ry to awurd prizes on the first iay, and in Groat 
Jiritaiu before tlie puUac is admitted to the grounds. The 
visitors thus have the benetits ot the judj^niicnt of the com- 
niitteo in making their comparisons. 

When the time arrives the committee books should be 
delivered to the Superiiitf ndent or one of the members, 
who should be tlioroughly instructed how to keep it, an<J 
report the awards, so that no mistakes may he made. 
This makes somttl)ody responsible for the report, and is 
I)ref'crab!e to letting- it be ko[)t by the dilFerent uiembers 
as it happens. 

When the examination begins, for each article, the party 
having the book should call over fne entries tliat are 
shown to liave been made, examine the tags, see if tluir 
numbers correspond with those in the books, and if all are 
present. Too much care cannot lie exercised in making 
tliese (oxarainations, and any carelessness or neglect that 
may take place, although the Society may not be to blame 
therefor, is apt to be charged upon them. A very good 
method ot making awards is as follows: Cast the tiist 
vote by ballot witiiont previous consultation. It a ma- 
jority ot the votes do not agree, compare views as to the 
relative merits ot the exhibits without expressing iiuli- 
vidual preferences, and ballot sgain. If an agreement is 
not then reached, apply to the Su[>erinteiuient and have 
another person added to the committee. Then contine the 
awnrd to one ot the exinibits receiving ballots from the 
original committee and ballot again. It is important to 
avoid restraint, that the committee be by themselves as 
much as possible during their deliberations, and hence it 
is customary to provide that no person will be allowed in. 
the arena where live stock is being exhibited while awards 
are being made. When an agreement ic reached, in order 
to record it, the Superintendent or other party having 
the book in charge should be notified. This he may do by 
placing 1 or 2 or other figure to denote whicli of the premi- 
ums have been given opposite the articles to which they 
are awarded. In some Societies committees are required 
to give reasons for their awards. 



RULES AND' REGULATIONS. 61 

iii the committee books used in the auttior's plan of 
making entries, a column is provided to mark each premi- 
um ill, and it is designated by placing in the prooer col- 
umn the number of the exhit)itor obtaining the premium 
as found upon the entry tag. These books serve Uw any 
plan ot making entries, and are provided with ample space 
i\)V any remarks which the committee may desire to make. 
When any question arises it should be re'fen-ed to the Su- 
perinfendent, who, it Ue cannot explain it, should obtain 
the desired inlormation and instruct the committee before 
they are allowed to proceed. Should any error be found 
it should also lie reported, so that it can' be corrected in 
time to avoid trouble if possible. If any entry is not 
iound it should also be noted. 

It is usual tit provide that no award will be made to any 
animal or article which is not decidedly meritorious, and 
when only one entry has been made for a premium it will 
be awarded first or second, as it may deserve; also that in 
displays the quality of the exhibit will take precedence 
over quantity. 

When discretionery premiums are given the committee 
should be instructed to recommend only such as are 
worthy of a premium. Committees are also instructed to 
require proof upon any disputed point arising before 
tnem, such as ownership, age of animals, and the like. 

When the awards are finished the committee should 
sign their names to the list, so that they may be kept for 
information that may be desired relative to any award. 

Sec. 93. False Entries, Interference with Commit- 
tees, Etc. For self.protection and that the committee 
may be unmolested, it is usual to provide that if any false 
entry is made, or any disrespect is shown to anv award 
or the Awarding Committee by any exhibitor or his agent, 
he shall forfeit all the awards made to him, and the Super- 
intendent shall give notice ot the same in his report. Also 
that no person will be allowed to interlere with the com- 
ralttee during their adjudications, and any person who in 



62 KULES A:ND KEGULATIOXS. 

anywise attempts to influence a comniiltee wrongftjily will 
be excluded from competition at all exhibitions of the b(j- 
ciety, and the payment nf all premiums due such person 
will be withheld. 

Sec. 94. Protests, Appeals, Etc. A method must be 
provided lor determining <iueslions of eligibility and the 
like thi^it occur. It is olten provided that questions of 
breeding, pedigree, age, and the like shall be raised l)efore 
the awards are made, and the Awarding Committee is em- 
powered to settle them. Tliis is the best time for the pui"- 
pose, but often questions will arise after they are made 
not known before. To settle these it is provided that any 
person feeling aggrieved by any of the proceedings of the 
Society during the Fair should submit the matter to the 
Board of Directors at iheir next meeting alter its close. 
Some Societies erect a Board of Ax>peals which is in session 
during the Fair to settle questions that arise. 

Sec. 9"». Fremiwra Cards. Cards are usually issued to 
be attached to such things as receive premium^. The fol- 
lowing colors are usually chosen to aesignate the diilerent 
premiums: First premium, red; second premium, blue; 
third premium, various colors. "Ribbons of like colors are 
often used for live stock. A card entitled, "-commended,^' is 
also prepared to be attached to such non-enumerated arii- 
cles as are recommendtd by the committees. To guard 
against mistakes, premium cards are often prepared, so 
that the Superintendent or other person in charge can en- 
ter upon them the department, class, and entry to which 
the award is made and sign the same. Parties are then 
required topresent the card to obtain their premium mon- 
ey. When the card is presented, if it agrees with the com-r 
mittee's report no mistake exists; otherwise the cards go 
only to point out where awards have been made, and are 
of no value after the Fair except as Jieepsakes. In such 
cases the committee's report is relied upon to determine 
to whom the premium should be paid. 

Sec. 98. Paying Freminins. la order to allow the 
Secretary to make out a list of the awards and enable the 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 63 

Ijoarcl to meet and dispose of 3ny questions that may arise 
relative to them, it is usual to provide that the premiums 
will not be paid until some time after the Fair, it is quite 
usual, however, to pay speed premiums as soon as they 
are won, and some Societies begin paying the awaids as 
soon as they are made. In order that the business of the 
Society may be closed up in a proper time, it is usual to 
prescril>e some date when the payment of awards' will 
cease, and that all premiums not drawn by that time shaU 
be forfeited and revert to the Society. 

It is customary to provide that the premiums awarded 
will be paid in full except in cases of bad weather (poor 
attendance sometimes added', the receipts should be in- 
adequate, when they will he paid pro rata. Sometimes it 
IS added that the imount paid will- in no case be less than 
a certain per cent, of the amount offered. It is a good 
plan to have the time when premiums will be paid printed 
upon tJie cards, and that the carils must be presented be- 
fore the money can be drau'n if such be the case. 

Societies for their own protection generally reserve the 
right of withdrawing any premium or withholding its pay- 
ment in case the award has l^een obtained by fraud or 
other improper means, and tor such causes as they may 
uiay deem just. 

-2. SPECIAL RULES. 
The special rules pertaining to a Fair, although they 
may be witii the others are, as has already been mentioned, 
more properly given in connection with the particular 
class to which they belong. The most general of tliem will 
be found m the following : 

Sf.c. 97. Domestic Animals. Under this head rules 
covering the tollowing should be placed. Xo award wilf 
be made to any breeding animal that may be barren, or 
havino any unsoundness, except that such unsoundness in 
breed^lg animals will only be regulated as is considered 
transmissible. Some require all breeding animals to have 
been bred within two years, and all unsound animals are 
often excluded. 



64 KULES AND REGULATIONS. 

In blooded classes, p«rity of blood, symmetrT, size, early 
maturity, and .general characteristics of the several breeds 
ofanimais will be considered and a proper allowance made 
forage, co^idition, and other circumstances. Committees 
are especially required not to encourage overfed animals. 

In all classes for tborotighbreds, exbibitorsmnst provide 
themselves with antbentie pedigrees to settle any ques- 
tion of breeding that may arise. Some Societies require 
exhibitors to deliver a pedigjee to tbe Secretary when the 
entries are made, and some require duplicates, so as to 
have one for iiUng and the other for tbe committee. 

No premium will be awarded when tbe animal has been 
fatted for the butcher, tbe objects being to compare merits 
lor breeding purposes. 

Sec. 98. Horses, In connection with these topics we 
have the following: A horse^s age will be reckoned from 
the 1st day uf January of the year in which he was foaled. 
Horses entered single must be shown single and in har- 
ness, except stallions and animals three years old and 
younger. 

Both animals in a team must be owned by the exhibitor; 
identity of color not required; when animals or teams oi 
different ages show together for ihe same premium, it is 
usual to provide that their relative age will be considered. 

The rules by which horses are restricted from showing 
in more than one class or otherwise should be given in this 
connection. Under the classes named the following rules 
should be placed. 

EOADSTKR&— Should hare a size, fine form, extra style , 
and action and marts of endurance. 

General Pukpose Horses — Should have good action, 
walk, size and style, and be useful lor heavy draft pur- 
poses. 



KULES ANa REGULATIONS. 65 

Draft Horses— Should have extra mnsciilar develop- 
ment, uood size and style, a good walk, and be useful for 
heavy draft purposes. 

Carriage ITokses— Should be good size and in leams, 
be well matched in size, color, style, temper and action. 
Sometimes the animals comprising a team are allowed to 
be of a difierent sex. 

Coach Horses — Should be tall, rangey, and well 
formed, and possess good style and action. 

In Speed Classes— The amount of the entry, fee, the 
nuini)er of entries and starters required, tne hour at which 
the horses will be called, the manner the racing will be 
cond'icted, as according to the rules and regulations of the 
National Trotting Association, and other essentials should 
be given. 

Sec. 09. Cattle. Here the following rules may be 
given: 

For Grades— No thoroughbreds can compete as grades. 

Fat Cattle — Are variously judged, and no general rule 
can be given. Some adopt as a standard that all other 
things l)eing equal those cattle are best which have the 
greatest weight in the smallest superlices. Animals are 
olten required to be weighed upon the grounds, and exhi- 
](itors required to furnish a statement oi the cost and 
manner of their feeding. 

For Milch Cows— Statements are required containing 
the age and breed of the cow, the time of her calving, and 
the quantity ot milk in weight and pounds of butter made 
during ten days between certain dates previous to the 
Fair attested by affidavit. This statement is required to 
be returned with the report of the committee, and no pre- 
mium awarded without it. Sometimes it is only required 
that the cow be milked in the presence ot the committee. 

For Oxen— They are required to be shown in the yoke 
and well broken and handy, 



66 RUI.KS AND REGULATIOXS. 

For SWEKP3TAKKS— Sometimes it is provided that ani- 
mals exhibited in either the exhibitor's or breeder's herd 
cannot be shown in the othei'. 

Sec. 100. sheep. All sheep of sufficient age, shorn the 
past season, nuist nave been ch)sel\' clipped, not earlier 
than April. Exhibitors are required to turnish the com- 
mittee a ceititicate ol the lime and njanner of shearing, 
and also a certitlcate showing the age ot lambs. Some- 
times rams two years old and over are judged ij\' their get. 
of which at least two ofeach sex are required on exhibi- 
tion. Sometimes a rule is ad()i)ted refjuiring (jnality and 
quantity of wool, and perfection orr.Min aud size to be es- 
pecially considered. 

Skc. 101. I'oullry. VrUen premiums are offered upon 
•■ Fowls and Chicles," the terms; areusuallv defined ''Fowl,"' 
being a bii'd hatched prior to the year of the exliibitioo, 
and •'Chick',"' one during the same year. Often such a 
nicety is not desirable, but when exactness is required the 
judses are to be governed bv tise American Standard of Ex- 
cellence, a iirst premium bird beflng required to score a 
(certain number of points, eiglity-tive or ninety, a second a 
certain numlKU', and so on. Entries are usually requu-ed 
in pairs. 

Skc, 102. industrial Arts. Except in displays and 
merchants' goods articles competing for premiums musi 
be entered for or by the maker, improver, or contriver. 
Sometimes the rule is made to apply to all articles the 
l)roduct of art or industry, though usually paintings are ex 
empted. Under Machinery, models cannot compete with 
full size machines. 

In Household Productions— }so article purchased in 
a store, made in a factory, or out ot the tamily of the exhi- 
bitor, is allowed to compete, and sometimes they are 
limited to those manufactured within the year of the Fair. 

In Culinary Products— Prepared fruits are required 
to haye been put up by the exhibitor for actual use during 
the season of the Fair. 



KULES AND REGULATIONS. 67 

Sec. 103. Agriculture and Horticulliire. All exhibits 
ill this dei)artment are usuuliy re(iuired to liave been pro- 
duced by the exhibitors witiilu the year of the Fair or the 
one previous. 

For Field Crops— 3Iany tliiiis^^s are often required. As 
the object us^ually is to proanote profitable culti\ alion of 
the soil, ctatements as to the measurement of the laud by 
sorue disinterested person, the soil, subsoil and lay ot tlie 
land, and its surroundings, wnat Mie previous crop were, 
the kind, amount and condition of the manure applied in 
raising- the crop, the depth and time and manner of plow- 
ing, time and manner ot sowing seed, its weight, quality, 
variety, and quantity to the acre, the quantity of grain or 
straw raised (the entire amount to be weighed or meas- 
ured, and not a small piece, and the balance guessad at), 
and the whole cost in money, labor and materials in pro- 
ducing the crop, are to be lurnished attested by affidavit. 

For Butter— Statements are required giving the num- 
ber and breed of cows from wiiich the milk was taken, the 
number of miikings, whether any food besides grass was 
used, the treatment of the milk, the method of churning 
and freezing the butter from the milk, its treatment after- 
ward, the quantity and kind of salt used, and whether 
saltpetre, sugar, or other substances have been employed 
in making or coloring. 

ForCheese— In addition to the above, whether cream 
has been used and how extensively, the method of preset v- 
ing and preparing the rennet and such other matters as 
information may be desired upon. 

Fruits— Are required to be a certain number of each va- 
riety, upon plates furnished by the exhibitor, and each va- 
riety distinctly labelled. 

Sec. 104. Fine Arts. Sometimes exhibits in this de- 
partment are required to be entered by the maker, though 
Societies in order to obtain a good display of paintings and 
pictures, confine the rule to others than display, or do not 
apply it all. 



68 RULES AND KEGULATIONS. 

Sec. 105. Floral. Flowers and Plants are usually re- 
qaireci to be exhibited in the pots where grown. 

Sec. lOG. DiScretioKary Department. For this a rule 
like the following will often be a saving to the Societj'. '^It 
is intended to enumerate in the premium list ail articles 
that are thought desirable for exhibition. However such 
non-enumerated articles as parties have, may be entered 
in this department, and if decidedly meritorious the com- 
mittee will rtcommend them for a premium." Sometimes 
it is left for the committee to determine the amount to be 
paid upon these arti(tles, but it is thought advisable to add 
a stipulation like the following: "In determining the 
amount to be paid upon commended articles, the Board 
will take into consideration the amount offered upon like 
articles, their similarity to articles mentioned in the list, 
and the tinancial success of the Fair." 



CHAPTER XI. 



ACCOUNTS, REPORTS, ETC. 

•Sec. 107. liist of Awards. For the nurpose of de- 
termining who are entitled to the respe<«tive premiums 
and ascertaining- the amount required to pay them, it is 
usual to prepare a list of the successful exhibitors an^i 
their awards. This list is made up from the committee re- 
ports either with respect to the classitication of the pre- 
miums or the names of exhibitors under their initial let- 
ters. A system combining both i« preferable, as by the 
tormer to whom aay particular award was made and the 
latter the awards received by any pers'on, can be found, 
both of which is often necessary. The books of the auth- 
or's plan are thus provided and so arranged that the list 
is made up in the tirst instance, saving the labor ot mak- 
ing this list. The system of numbering premiums has ah 
advatage here also, as in making up the list by classes the 
premium numbers can be used for the premiums they de- 
signate, and much writing saved. 

Sec. 108. Keeping Accounts. The matter of keep- 
ing accounts will come more properly in a treatise on 
book-keeping, and we shall not enter into it greatly. 
There are two plans of conducting the ifluancial depart- 
ments ot a Fair, viz; to make it the duty of the Secretary 
to receive all moneys of the Society, keeping a proper ac- 
count thereof, and pay the same over to the Treasurer, 
and to have the money paid directly to the Treasurer, be 
keeping the required accounts. We can see sio especial 
objections to either of the plans, though the former is re- 
regarded with preference, as tlie Secretary then has a rec- 



TO RULES AST) REGULATIONS- 

ord of the receipts he otherwise would not. In order to be 
accurate a cash book should be kept, and all moneys en- 
tered into it just as received. To make ibe reports they 
may be entered in funds aeeording to the source from 
whicli they were received, as admission tees, exhibitors' 
tickets, stands and privileges, sweepstakes entries, etc., 
or the source simply designated, and the account after- 
ward journalized. 

A stock book will be necessary in Societies having a 
capital stock, to record the payments of stockholders,, 
their dividends, etc. All payments of money should be 
upon orders drawn by the Secretary (often reqmred to be 
signed by the President), and showing {or what they are 
drawn, m order to enable the Treasurer to enter them in 
Mb accounts properly. The orders should be provided 
with stubs, show^ing what they are issued for and with re- 
ceipts to be signed by the parties who receive them. 
Sometimes, for the payment of premiums, a list is made 
out upon a blank similar to an ordinary pay roll, having 
spaces lor the name of the exhibitor, the award, its 
amoimt, and lor the signiture of the party receiving the 
pay. This is given to the Treasurer, who pays accord- 
ingly. The Secretary should also keep an account of the 
orders given, according to the lunds upon which they are 
drawn, as Police, Miscellaneous, Emj^loyes, Printing and 
Advertising, Preparing Grounds, Premiums, Supplies, &c. 
so that he can make an intelligent report therefrom. 

Sec. 109. Annua! Reports. When the doings of the 
Society elose annually, it is usual to prepare a report 
giving tbe iinancial doings during the fiscal year then ex- 
plrsng» to be read at the stockholders' meeting and olten 
printed. In this report the receipts and expenditures 
sboctid be classified according to their nature, as is sug- 
gested in keeping the accounts, as it will be interesting to 
Ssnow in detail what has been done. If the Secretary first 
s-eeeives the Society's money, he should make the report, 
and tlie Treasurer only required to report to tne Board, 
s© tbat Ms account may be compared with the Secretary's. 
Otherwise the Treasiirer will make the report. 



UBRARY OF CONGRESS 



0Q05777^t,lA 



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